Emission factors and exposures from ground-level pyrotechnics

Croteau, G.; Dills, Russell L.; Beaudreau, Marc; Davis, Mac

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.05.048

Cited by 42 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…In contrast, the measured ambient average K/S mass ratio found in this study was much higher, about 5.0, not far that obtained by Croteau et al (5.73) in a close-monitored pyrotechnic event [20]. Furthermore, the ambient K/Cl mass ratio obtained (between 1.1 and 3.1 along mascletà week) indicates that mascletà episodes released into the atmosphere large quantities of chlorine together with potassium in the fine fraction.…”

Section: Elemental Concentration With One-hour Temporal Resolutioncontrasting

confidence: 88%

“…Even though it is very common that people attending such an event can be engulfed by smoke plumes arising from pyrotechnic displays, the impact of the brief and acute exposure to these plumes on spectators standing close to an outdoor short-lived firework event is scarcely known [19,20]. This paper is focussed on aerosols generated by high-intensity pyrotechnic events, called mascletàs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High-time resolution and size-segregated elemental composition in high-intensity pyrotechnic exposures

Crespo

Yubero

Nicolás

et al. 2012

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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h i g h l i g h t sStreaker/Dekati/PIXE are suitable to study high-intensity short-lived firework events. Fireworks related elements showed >80% elemental mass in the submicrometric region. Resuspended soil dust is an important source of atmospheric particles in these shows. a r t i c l e i n f o b s t r a c tTypical of festivals in Eastern Spain, mascletàs are high-intensity pyrotechnic events where thousands of firecrackers are burnt in an intense, rapid episode that generates short-lived heavy aerosol clouds. High temporal resolution and size distribution characterisation of aerosol components were performed to evaluate the effects of the brief (<30 min) and acute exposure on the spectators present. Very high concentrations of firework specific elements, especially in the fine fraction, were reached during mascletàs, with values of about 500 g/m 3 for K and 300 g/m 3 for Cl. Sr, Al, Mg, Ba, Cu, Co, Zn, and Pb concentration increase factors of more than 100 (1000 for Sr and Ba) were observed in the fine fraction with respect to background levels. Crustal origin elements, like Ca, Fe, Si, Ti, also showed an important concentration rise (∼10 times above background levels) but this is due to dust resuspension by pyrotechnic explosions. The crustal components are mainly in the coarse mode (>90% elemental mass), between 2 and 3 m. Most firework related metals are concentrated in the submicrometric region (>80%) with a trimodal size distribution. This may be interesting to epidemiologists given the toxic effects that such fine, metal-rich particles can have on human health.

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Section: Elemental Concentration With One-hour Temporal Resolutioncontrasting

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-time resolution and size-segregated elemental composition in high-intensity pyrotechnic exposures

Crespo

Yubero

Nicolás

et al. 2012

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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“…Pb is usually present in the form of lead (IV) oxide as an oxidant and igniter. However, it also produces crackling sound in pyrotechnics which might account for the high levels of Pb in WS to produce the whistling sound at the start of burning (Croteau et al, 2010). The CS contained much higher concentrations of Sr compared to the low smoke and whistling sparklers as Sr is the metal used for displaying red color in the sparkers (Moreno et al, 2007).…”

Section: Total Metal Concentration In Sparkler Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These five metal components are essential elements for fireworks. K is a major component of fireworks (Vecchi et al, 2008), with up to 74% of sparkler powder consisting of KNO 3 as an oxidizer, while Fe is often used as a combustion agent (Croteau et al, 2010).…”

Section: Total Metal Concentration In Sparkler Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

PM2.5 Emissions from Hand-Held Sparklers: Chemical Characterization and Health Risk Assessment

Betha

Balasubramanian

2014

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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The central goal of this work is to improve our understanding of the distinctive and unusual chemistry of aerosol particles released from firework displays and their potential health risks due to inhalation exposure. The chemical composition of fine particles (PM 2.5 ) released from three commonly used sparklers (low smoke sparklers (LSS), whistling sparklers (WS) and colored sparklers (CS)) was investigated. In particular, total and water soluble elemental fractions (22 elements) and 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM 2.5 were quantified. The particulate emissions from LSS had relatively lower particulate-bound metals and less water-soluble fractions in them compared to those from WS and CS. However, PAHs were found to be relatively higher in LSS compared to those from WS and CS. Health risk due to inhalation of PM 2.5 emitted from all the three types of sparklers was estimated for various dilution conditions including the case with little or no dispersion of particles. It was observed that WS had the highest carcinogenic risk (25 × 10 -6 for adults and 75 × 10 -6 for children) followed by CS (2.6 × 10 -6 for adults and 7.9 × 10 -6 for children) and LSS (7.6 × 10 -7 for adults and 2.6 × 10 -6 for children) for the worst case scenario of no dilution of emitted particles during inhalation. This carcinogenic risk is pronounced only when there is no or very low dilution (~10) of emitted particles during inhalation. The health risk estimates for all sparkler types are below acceptable limits for dilution factors above 80 and thus exposure to PM 2.5 in sparkler emissions is unlikely to have serious health effects. The water soluble fraction of metals (bioavailable metals) made a major contribution to the carcinogenic health risk due to inhalation of PM 2.5 released from WS (~100%) and CS (~96%) while PAHs played a major role in the carcinogenic risk associated with PM 2.5 from LSS (~66%).

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“…The burning of firecrackers and sparkles produces important amounts of particles (Moreno et al, 2007;Vecchi et al, 2008;Crespo et al, 2012;Lin et al, 2014) and gaseous pollutants, such as volatile organic compounds (Chang et al, 2011;Nishanth et al, 2012), sulfur dioxide (Moreno et al, 2007;Croteau et al, 2010;Chatterjee et al, 2013), nitrogen oxides (Moreno et al, 2007;Godri et al, 2010) and ozone (Attri et al, 2001;Nishanth et al, 2012;Kavouras et al, 2013;Yerramsetti et al, 2013). Although the deterioration of air quality during this type of events has limited time duration (generally less than 24 h), the potential health impacts cannot be considered negligible (Godri et al, 2010;Beig et al, 2013), especially for ground-level displays because of the proximity of the people attending the performance (Croteau et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Real-Time Measurements of Ozone and UV Radiation during Pyrotechnic Displays

Caballero

Galindo²,

Castañer³

et al. 2015

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Real-time measurements of ozone, NO x , aerosols and radiation were performed very close to the launch area of high intensity pyrotechnic spectacles, the so-called Mascletàs, typical of celebrations in eastern Spain. During these events, a considerable number of spectators are potentially exposed to high concentrations of pollutants directly or indirectly produced by the ignition of thousands of firecrackers at ground-level. This work is focused on the mechanism of ozone formation throughout the Mascletàs. After the initial decrease in O 3 levels (minimum concentration < 10 µg m -3 ) due to the reaction with NO emitted by fireworks explosions, peak concentrations of up to ~150 µg m -3 were recorded, clearly indicating that ozone was generated during these events. The results suggest that UV light produced by fireworks displays photolyzes O 2 releasing O to form O 3 as in the stratosphere.

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Emission factors and exposures from ground-level pyrotechnics

Cited by 42 publications

References 22 publications

High-time resolution and size-segregated elemental composition in high-intensity pyrotechnic exposures

High-time resolution and size-segregated elemental composition in high-intensity pyrotechnic exposures

PM2.5 Emissions from Hand-Held Sparklers: Chemical Characterization and Health Risk Assessment

Real-Time Measurements of Ozone and UV Radiation during Pyrotechnic Displays

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