Emission Characterization of In-Use Diesel and Gasoline Euro 4 to Euro 6 Passenger Cars Tested on Chassis Dynamometer Bench and Emission Model Assessment

Abstract

This paper focuses on CO 2 and regulated pollutants (NO x , HC, CO, PM) emitted by eight Euro 4-6 gasoline and diesel vehicles with six different technologies. The emission factors were repeatedly measured on a chassis dynamometer bench using Artemis Urban with cold and hot start, Road and Motorway, WLTC and NEDC driving conditions. The influence of driving conditions and approved driving cycles on pollutant emissions was also investigated. The measured emission factors for regulated compounds were compared to the corresponding emission factors of the COPCETE emission model developed by the French Ministry of Ecology. The results indicate that the NEDC cycle, used for type-approval of emissions of regulated compounds, leads to underestimation of CO 2 (9-23%) and NO x (1.2 to 2 times) emissions and overestimation of CO and HC (2 to 5 times) in relation to the Artemis cycles, which are real-world simulation driving cycles. The WLTC cycle for the worldwide harmonization of vehicle emissions shows similar HC, NO x and CO emissions with the Artemis average cycle within uncertainty of the measurements. The NO x emissions measured were 1.6 to 8 times greater than the type-approval limits. These high NO x emissions produced by all the diesel vehicles tested under real-world driving conditions could serve as particle precursors and increase secondary organic aerosol formation. They are also indicative of the significant cause for concern regarding urban air quality and the increase in the portion of Euro 5 and 6 diesel vehicles in France's vehicle fleet. Regarding emission factor assessments, the emission levels measured are overall in fair agreement with the COPCETE predictions within uncertainties for CO 2 and regulated pollutants. Updating the database is vital in order to be able to produce more representative emission factors and better evaluate the health and environmental effects from vehicle emissions.

Chemical Characterization of Fine Particulate Matter in Gasoline and Diesel Vehicle Exhaust

“…Road transportation can be an important contributor of atmospheric particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), oxides of nitrogen (NO x ) and other toxic air pollutants in the urban atmosphere (Yang et al, 2005(Yang et al, , 2007Wang et al, 2010;May et al, 2014;Grivas et al, 2018;Dhital et al, 2019;Lin et al, 2019). According to an estimate of World Urbanization Prospects 2018, 55.3% of the global population is already living in urban areas (UN, 2018) where the population is usually exposed to high levels of pollutants emitted from road traffic (Dallmann et al, 2014;Liu et al, 2017). Commuters and drivers are potentially exposed to direct emissions from vehicles (Dallmann et al, 2014;Dhital et al, 2014;Gupta and Elumalai, 2019;Shen and Gao, 2019).…”

Energy Saving and Pollutant Emission Reduction by Adding Hydrogen in a Gasoline-fueled Engine

“…As the 0.6, 1.2 L min -1 hydrogen flow rate pumped in, the average fuel consumption reduction is observed as 1.36%, 1.32% and 1.31% under UDC, EUDC and NEDC phases, respectively. The effect of hydrogen-gasoline mixtures took place with the wide flammability than the one of original gasoline fuel which results in complete combustion and causes better combustion quality (Karagöz, 2019;Liu et al, 2017).…”

“…The rapid increase of fossil fuel consumption such as petroleum, natural gas, and coal has given to a sharp rise in fuel prices at the present scenario. The combustion of those fossil fuels can generate enormous air pollutants such as Hydrocarbon (HC), Particulate Matter (PM), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), Sulfur Oxides (SOx) and toxic metals which are causing many environmental problems and negative health effects (Liu et al, 2017;Sakthivel et al, 2020;Wu et al, 2020). Many people suffered from high traffic contamination exposure when they stay in the near road, stop at a traffic light or spend time during heavy traffic circumstances (Tsai et al, 2020;Yu et al, 2021).…”

Transient Characterization of Automotive Exhaust Emission from Different Vehicle Types Based on On-Road Measurements

“…In the MOVES model developed by USEPA, the VSP for medium-and heavy-duty diesel vehicles is calculated by Equation 3. VSP = v (1.1a + 9.81tanθ + 0.132) + 0.000302v 3 (2)…”

“…In developed countries, such as Europe, with the successful implementation of effluent standard and exhaust after-treatment techniques, the discharge from automobiles has been significantly reduced [2]. However, road transport still contributes about 20% of PM 2.5 and 39% NOx in Europe [1,3]. In developing countries including China, the road transport is also one of the primary sources of air pollutants in the big cities, due to frequent traffic jams, poor vehicle maintenance, low fuel quality, trickery in production conformity,…”