Emigration flows from North Africa to Europe

Abstract

The region of North Africa (NA) represents a striking locality regarding migration with several migration patterns, namely emigration in the form of labour export to Europe and North America and, to a lesser extent, to the Arab Gulf area. The latter has increased enormously in the last decade because of the political instability in most of the NA countries. The aim of the present chapter was to explore the patterns of migration stocks and flows in NA countries, based on several websites, systematic review of journals, comparable data available by the United Nations and by the International Organization of Migration. The NA region has become an area of transit migration and labour migration. Emigrant flows from NA countries towards Europe and North America are increasing this decade more than towards the Arab Gulf countries after being replaced by Asian labour. The recent increase in the proportion of women among the migrant population is remarkable. Remittances sent by African migrants have become an important source of external finance for countries of origin. Transient and irregular migration to Egypt originates at the borders with Sudan, Palestine and Libya with destination to the Euro Mediterranean countries. In Tunisia and Morocco, irregular migrants originate from Sub-Saharan Africa to the northern borders. The NA countries serve as departure rather than destination countries, and migration flows to the Euro-Mediterranean countries through legal or illegal routes.

“One-Way-Ticket”: When Langston Hughes Traduces the Massive, Absolute and Obligatory Immigration of Today's Africans

“…On the one hand, this symbolic poem both in the title and in the context evokes the same four points of the compass and tells exactly the same movement of nowadays immigration because the movement from the South to the North or other places (West and East) is nowadays symbolized by the movement from Africa to Europe (South to North) or other places (West: USA 13 and East: Asia 14 ). On the other hand, the poem "One-Way-Ticket" with its contextual and meaningful description about the past realities tells exactly also why Africans nowadays immigrate from Africa (the South) toward principally Europe (the North) or other places which are the United States of America or Asia.…”

“…13 The movement from Africa to USA (South to West). 14 The movement from Africa to Asia (South to East).…”

“…Either of these two ways is, I think, correct but limited. 46 One major important aspect is that "immigrants who 'dared' to cross the Mediterranean found themselves bound to their initial decision, with their emigration becoming a point of no return" 47 that is why the only will is the following:…”

Initial Care to Illegal Immigrants Who Arrive in Europe on Small Boats. What are Nurses Doing?

“…This situation, together with the crisis of refugees fleeing from war, as is the case of Syria, is creating serious problems in the receiving countries, mainly in the United States, areas of Southeast Asia or Western Europe [2,3]. In spite of the fact that these countries try to regulate the migratory influxes by closing borders, establishing extradition agreements or returning them to other countries, the phenomenon and its consecuences are unstoppable [4].…”

“…The obstacles to "regular immigration", with residency and work permits and health insurance; leads to the rise of "irregular immigration", entering through organized mafias and lack authorized residency [4]. There are many routes used to access Europe, the West African Route bound for the Canary Islands (Subsaharan population), the Western Mediterranean Route bound for the Iberian Peninsula (Maghreb and Subsaharan populations), the Central Mediterranean Route bound for Italy (Syrian, Libyan and Horn of Africa populations) and the Eastern Mediterranean Route (Syrians, Afghans or Somalians).…”