Emerging wearable flexible sensors for sweat analysis

Abstract

Sweat, as a biofluid with the potential for noninvasive collection, provides profound insights into human health conditions, because it contains various chemicals and information to be utilized for the monitoring of well-being, stress levels, exercise, and nutrition. Recently, wearable sweat sensors have been developed as a promising substitute to conventional laboratory sweat detection methods. Such sensors are promising to realize low-cost, real-time, in situ sweat measurements, and provide great opportunities for health status evaluation analysis based on personalized big data. This review first presents an overview of wearable sweat sensors from the perspective of basic components, including materials and structures for specific sensing applications and modalities. Current strategies and specific methods of the fabrication of wearable power management are also summarized. Finally, current challenges and future directions of wearable sweat sensors are discussed.

Wearable microfluidic-based e-skin sweat sensors

“…This study establishes a potential technique for fabricating multiplex sweat analysis devices that are wearable. 84 Luke et al 85 in 2018 demonstrated a wearable sensor system to monitor the concentration of lactate in sweat. Fig.…”

Flexible Wearable Sensors in Medical Monitoring

“…Then, compared to the other two liquids, sweat extraction is obviously more convenient and hygienic. Therefore, sweat can be monitored by stretchable electrochemical sensors, providing important information related to blood glucose in time [ 91 , 94 ]. A device for the extraction and analysis of sweat was reported based on agarose hydrogels [ 95 ].…”

“…There are a variety of methods for processing flexible substrates for various types of sensors. Among them, functional printing technology seems to have the most potential and cost-effective approaches [ 146 ], including inkjet printing, screen printing [ 147 ], and 3D printing [ 94 ], because of its high utilization of raw materials, simple processing technique, and low cost [ 148 ]. A visual summary of printing technology is shown in Figure 9 .…”

Multifunctional Flexible Humidity Sensor Systems Towards Noncontact Wearable Electronics

“…Skin-like electronics that imitate the multifunctional properties of human skin are emerging as rising stars for potential applications in healthcare monitoring, human–machine interfaces, implantable bioelectronics and intelligent robots [ 1 – 7 ]. Owing to flexible and soft nature of such skin-like devices with superior mechanical compliance, they can be seamlessly adhered onto the human skin or curved surfaces to acquire abundant information of themselves or from the ambient [ 8 – 12 ]. In the past decade, burgeoning functional materials and advanced manufacturing techniques have accelerated the development of a variety of skin-like sensors, which are typically categorized into flexible physical, chemical and electrophysiological sensors [ 13 – 22 ].…”