Emerging trends in point-of-care sensors for illicit drugs analysis

Dagar, Manisha; Yadav, Shweta; Sai, V. V. R.; Satija, Jitendra; Bhatia, Himanshu

doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123048

Cited by 31 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 143 publications

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“…As listed by the US Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), WDTs are applied in various occasions, such as pre-employment tests, for-cause and reasonable suspicion tests, and post-accident and post-treatment tests. Furthermore, the number of people taking drugs has been on the rise [ 38 , 39 ]. Therefore, there is a need for an accurate, effective, and quick method for identifying impaired workers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards the Validation of an Observational Tool to Detect Impaired Drivers—An Online Video Study

Baertsch

Menozzi

Ghelfi

2022

IJERPH

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Abuse of alcohol and other drugs is a major risk factor at work. To reduce this risk, workplace drug testing is performed in transportation and other industries. VERIFY, an observational method, is one of the key elements in a procedure adopted by the police of the canton of Zurich, Switzerland, for detecting impaired drivers. The observational method has been successfully applied by adequately trained police officers since 2014. The aim of this study is to examine the interrater reliability of the observational method, the effect of training in use of the method, and the role of having experience in the police force and traffic police force on the outcome when rating a driver’s impairment. For this purpose, driver impairment in staged road traffic controls presented in videos was rated by laypeople (n = 81), and police officers without (n = 146) and with training (n = 172) in the VERIFY procedure. In general, the results recorded for police officers with training revealed a moderate to very good interrater reliability of the observational method. Among the three groups, impaired drivers were best identified by officers with training (ranging between 82.6% and 89.5% correct identification). Trained officers reported a higher impairment severity of the impaired drivers than the other two groups, indicating that training increases sensitivity to signs of impairment. Our findings also suggest that online video technology could be helpful in identifying impaired drivers. Trained police officers could be connected to a road traffic control to make observations via live video. By this method efficiency and reliability in detecting abuse of alcohol and other drugs could be improved. Our findings also apply to workplace drug testing in general.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards the Validation of an Observational Tool to Detect Impaired Drivers—An Online Video Study

Baertsch

Menozzi

Ghelfi

2022

IJERPH

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“…The electronic system processes the transduced signal and prepares it for display to the end‐user. Current and emerging trends in the use of sensing techniques for the analysis of illicit drugs has been evaluated in the literature (Ahmed et al, 2020; Dagar et al, 2022; De Rycke et al, 2020; Mao et al, 2020). Receptors and transduction events used in point‐of‐care optical or electrochemical sensors are shown in Table 2.…”

Section: Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Portable testing techniques for the analysis of drug materials

Alonzo

Alder

Clancy

et al. 2022

WIREs Forensic Science

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The analysis of drug material in the field is an important function of law enforcement agencies, forensic drug laboratories, and drug checking services. Portable testing techniques employed by these different groups range from inexpensive screening tools with low discriminating power, such as presumptive chemical color tests, to more sophisticated portable analytical techniques that behave as miniaturized versions of their laboratory counterparts, such as gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Rapid non‐destructive analysis in the field and non‐laboratory environments is afforded by portable and handheld Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers with little to no sample preparation, while handheld Raman analyzers have the added potential for drug material identification through sealed packaging using spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS). Utilization of the most suitable testing technique for the given environment is demonstrated at international borders and airports wherein ion mobility spectroscopy (IMS) is frequently employed for the detection of drug (and explosive) residues owing to its ease of operation and rapid analysis. Advances in technology and materials have provided analysts with new portable testing techniques, including paper spray ionization–MS (PSI‐MS), an ambient MS technique that provides sensitive, rapid, and reliable analysis without the need for sample preparation steps. A growing area of research and interest in the development of sensitive and selective optical and electrochemical portable (bio)sensors for in‐field analysis of drug material indicates that new commercial sensors for drug detection will be available in the foreseeable future. This article is categorized under: Forensic Chemistry and Trace Evidence > Controlled and Emerging Drug Compounds Forensic Chemistry and Trace Evidence > Emerging Technologies and Methods Toxicology > Drug Analysis

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“…Quick, affordable, and reliable tools and methods are needed to detect such substances under certain circumstances so that early intervention can be deployed, and relevant laws can be justifiably and timely enforced while preventing or minimizing injustice and unnecessary stigmatization. Over the years, many methods have been proposed and/or developed [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ]. Although color tests for drugs are quick, and they are still being used by law enforcement agencies and sometimes even by the general public [ 12 , 13 , 14 ], false results from such presumptive tests are not that uncommon.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in the Development of Portable Electrochemical Sensors for Controlled Substances

Dai

2023

Sensors

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This review article summarizes recent achievements in developing portable electrochemical sensing systems for the detection and/or quantification of controlled substances with potential on-site applications at the crime scene or other venues and in wastewater-based epidemiology. Electrochemical sensors employing carbon screen-printed electrodes (SPEs), including a wearable glove-based one, and aptamer-based devices, including a miniaturized aptamer-based graphene field effect transistor platform, are some exciting examples. Quite straightforward electrochemical sensing systems and methods for controlled substances have been developed using commercially available carbon SPEs and commercially available miniaturized potentiostats. They offer simplicity, ready availability, and affordability. With further development, they might become ready for deployment in forensic field investigation, especially when fast and informed decisions are to be made. Slightly modified carbon SPEs or SPE-like devices might be able to offer higher specificity and sensitivity while they can still be used on commercially available miniaturized potentiostats or lab-fabricated portable or even wearable devices. Affinity-based portable devices employing aptamers, antibodies, and molecularly imprinted polymers have been developed for more specific and sensitive detection and quantification. With further development of both hardware and software, the future of electrochemical sensors for controlled substances is bright.

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Emerging trends in point-of-care sensors for illicit drugs analysis

Cited by 31 publications

References 143 publications

Towards the Validation of an Observational Tool to Detect Impaired Drivers—An Online Video Study

Towards the Validation of an Observational Tool to Detect Impaired Drivers—An Online Video Study

Portable testing techniques for the analysis of drug materials

Recent Advances in the Development of Portable Electrochemical Sensors for Controlled Substances

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