Emerging Trends in Nano-Driven Immunotherapy for Treatment of Cancer

Abstract

Despite advancements in the development of anticancer medications and therapies, cancer still has the greatest fatality rate due to a dismal prognosis. Traditional cancer therapies include chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapy. The conventional treatments have a number of shortcomings, such as a lack of selectivity, non-specific cytotoxicity, suboptimal drug delivery to tumour locations, and multi-drug resistance, which results in a less potent/ineffective therapeutic outcome. Cancer immunotherapy is an emerging and promising strategy to elicit a pronounced immune response against cancer. Immunotherapy stimulates the immune system with cancer-specific antigens or immune checkpoint inhibitors to overcome the immune suppressive tumour microenvironment and kill the cancer cells. However, delivery of the antigen or immune checkpoint inhibitors and activation of the immune response need to circumvent the issues pertaining to short lifetimes and effect times, as well as adverse effects associated with off-targeting, suboptimal, or hyperactivation of the immune system. Additional challenges posed by the tumour suppressive microenvironment are less tumour immunogenicity and the inhibition of effector T cells. The evolution of nanotechnology in recent years has paved the way for improving treatment efficacy by facilitating site-specific and sustained delivery of the therapeutic moiety to elicit a robust immune response. The amenability of nanoparticles towards surface functionalization and tuneable physicochemical properties, size, shape, and surfaces charge have been successfully harnessed for immunotherapy, as well as combination therapy, against cancer. In this review, we have summarized the recent advancements made in choosing different nanomaterial combinations and their modifications made to enable their interaction with different molecular and cellular targets for efficient immunotherapy. This review also highlights recent trends in immunotherapy strategies to be used independently, as well as in combination, for the destruction of cancer cells, as well as prevent metastasis and recurrence.

Nanoparticle-Mediated Cell Delivery: Advancements in Corneal Endothelial Regeneration

“…These sophisticated nanoparticle designs aim to transcend heterogeneous barriers to delivery, enhancing efficacy across general applications and facilitating tailored interventions for improved patient outcomes [ 4 ]. Moreover, using nanoparticles in immunotherapy for cancer treatment represents a burgeoning trend, enabling the delivery of immunostimulatory agents with spatial and temporal control to effectively modulate tumor immunity [ 40 ]. Recent advancements in cancer immunotherapy, such as microneedle-based immunotherapy, nucleic acid-mediated immunotherapy, gene editing strategies, and engineered cell therapies, underscore the diverse applications of nanoparticles in enhancing treatment modalities and augmenting patient outcomes [ 40 ].…”

“…Moreover, using nanoparticles in immunotherapy for cancer treatment represents a burgeoning trend, enabling the delivery of immunostimulatory agents with spatial and temporal control to effectively modulate tumor immunity [ 40 ]. Recent advancements in cancer immunotherapy, such as microneedle-based immunotherapy, nucleic acid-mediated immunotherapy, gene editing strategies, and engineered cell therapies, underscore the diverse applications of nanoparticles in enhancing treatment modalities and augmenting patient outcomes [ 40 ]. Notably, nanoparticles are undergoing exploration in clinical immunotherapy trials, showcasing their potential to revolutionize approaches to cancer treatment [ 40 ].…”

“…Recent advancements in cancer immunotherapy, such as microneedle-based immunotherapy, nucleic acid-mediated immunotherapy, gene editing strategies, and engineered cell therapies, underscore the diverse applications of nanoparticles in enhancing treatment modalities and augmenting patient outcomes [ 40 ]. Notably, nanoparticles are undergoing exploration in clinical immunotherapy trials, showcasing their potential to revolutionize approaches to cancer treatment [ 40 ]. Overall, the evolving landscape of nanoparticle-mediated cell delivery presents promising opportunities for precision medicine, targeted therapies, and enhanced outcomes across various disease treatments, including cancer and regenerative medicine.…”

Recent Advancements of Aptamers in Cancer Therapy

“…Cancer, a heterogeneous and multifaceted disease that leads to anomalistic cell growth and proliferation by altering genomic and molecular characteristics, is one among them that has received much attention from researchers in recent years. The challenges posed by the rapidly increasing tumor-induced mortality rate from cancer are significantly due to inefficient diagnostic and therapeutic management . Currently available traditional methods include chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery, but all these methods display limitations for practical clinical applications.…”

“…The challenges posed by the rapidly increasing tumor-induced mortality rate from cancer are significantly due to inefficient diagnostic and therapeutic management. 2 Currently available traditional methods include chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery, but all these methods display limitations for practical clinical applications. In chemotherapy, therapeutic quantities of drugs are distributed throughout the body intravenously.…”