Emerging trends in nano-based antidiabetic therapeutics: a path to effective diabetes management

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by altered blood sugar homeostasis. A chronic metabolic disorder affecting millions of people worldwide. Diabetic mortality rates are escalating in developed countries by the clock. Till...

Peptide-Drug Conjugates: Design, Chemistry, and Drug Delivery System as a Novel Cancer Theranostic

“…A detailed description of functionalized peptide-based nanoparticles as cancer nanotherapeutics is summarized by Sharma and co-workers. 68 One such promising peptide nanodrug was formulated by the Zhang group using a dual-targeting RGD-conjugated KLAK peptide probe, and self-assembled into spherical, small size (30−40 nm) to form f-SAPNs through a pH-sensitive synthesis approach as a schematic illustration depicted in Figure 3. 69 This nanoprobe was observed to possess enhanced receptor-specific targetability, improved internalization capabilities, and up to a 3.76% degree of apoptosis, and in vivo therapeutic studies revealed that these SAPNs decrease the tumor size 2-fold compared with its parent molecular structure.…”

“…It is considered as a diagnostic technique used for personalized therapeutic interventions by employing targeted molecular vectors as a delivery system for payloads via incorporation of diagnostic and therapeutic functionalities. 157 The example of diagnostic phase of theranostics is 68 Ga-DOTATOC�a promising radioactive diagnostic drug that targets to SSTR2-receptor overexpressed on neuroendocrine tumors and the tumor will light-up on a PET technique. Once the cancer is diagnosed, the Ga-68 replaced by radionuclides of prolong half-life such as Lu-177 (Lutathera), In-111, I-131 (Azedra), or Y-90 to target, damaging cell's DNA and killing the tumor cells expressing SSTR2-receptors�it is the therapeutic phase of theranostics.…”

“…Except for the biological activity of the peptides, they are excellent transporters to cargo different cytotoxic payloads to the targeted tissues, hence offering a multifunctional approach. 28 Interestingly, the most beginner cyclic peptide "octreotide" conjugated radionuclide was the first PDC that was approved by the FDA to be used as cargo to transport the radionuclides in the form of 111 In-DTPA-octreotide (Octreoscan in 1994 US), 99m Tc-EDDA/HYNIC-3 Tyr-octreotide ( 99m Tc-Tektrotyd in 2013 Poland), 68 Ga-DOTATATE (Netspot in 2016 US), 177 Lu-DOTATATE (Lutathera in 2018 US), and 68 Ga-DOTATOC (Ga-68-DOTATOC in 2019 US) to targeted somatostatin receptor-positive neuroendocrine tumor tissues. Similarly, Pluvicto and Locametz are other radioligand-based therapeutic drugs constructed by conjugation of PSMAbinding peptide with a β-emitting radionuclide ( 177 Lu, and 68 Ga; respectively) via a DOTA chelator as a linker for the treatment of PSMA-positive tumors.…”

“…Schematic representation of several chemical and enzymatic modifications of peptide drugs. Adopted with permission from references cited 68,72.…”

Actividad hipoglucémica de las hojas de Yaca (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam)

“…Sin embargo, los medicamentos utilizados para tratar a pacientes con Diabetes mellitus tipo 2 tienen algunos efectos adversos 4 . Nuevos medicamentos a base en nanotecnología se utilizan como terapias emergentes para un control efectivo de la Diabetes mellitus tipo 2 7 . Estudios han demostrado que ciertas plantas presentan efectos hipoglucémicos: algas 8 , hojas de Dodecadenia grandiflora (Lauraceae) 9 , flavonoides presentes en Artemisia dracunculus 10 , frutos Pongamia pinnata 11 , melon (Momordica charantia) [12][13][14] .…”