Emerging trends in functional molecularly imprinted polymers for electrochemical detection of biomarkers

Abstract

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), functioning as artificial bioreceptors, hold significant promise for biomarker detection in healthcare, disease diagnosis, and addressing drug abuse. In contrast to natural bioreceptors, MIP-based sensors offer numerous advantages, such as high stability, cost-effectiveness, high selectivity, sensitivity, and notably straightforward preparation with customizable binding sites for diverse targets. Conventional MIP sensors often necessitate external redox reagents in analytes to transduce binding events into electrochemical signals for indirect detection, presenting challenges for practical applications in wearables or point-of-care (POC) testing. Redox-active MIP sensors have emerged as a viable alternative, enabling direct and label-free electrochemical detection, with two types developed. The first type utilizes electrocatalytic materials to expedite electron transfer and facilitate a redox reaction between the captured electroactive target and the electrode. The second type incorporates an embedded redox reactive component that allows selective binding of a target to modulate its electron transfer, leading to a change in the electrical signal. This review covers emerging trends and challenges in redox-active MIP sensors for direct electrochemical detection of biomarkers, focusing on sensing mechanisms, synthesis methods, and applications. Additionally, recent progress in wearable and POC redox-active MIP sensors is highlighted. A comprehensive outlook of challenges is further provided, aiming to advance direct biomarker detection for diverse healthcare applications.