“…According to the differences in data management and read permissions of transaction subjects, blockchain can be divided into public blockchain, private blockchain and consortium blockchain 34 . Among them, the public blockchain has no central authority, and anyone can participate in the process of obtaining consensus 32 . The private blockchain is created by a single organisation or individual, the management permission is strictly controlled by the creator, and the read permission is finitely open to the public 34 .…”
Section: Literature Reviewsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…To solve the trust issues in network transactions, Satoshi Nakamoto developed and proposed blockchain technology. It is a digitalised ledger that integrates technologies such as consensus algorithms, encryption algorithms and smart contracts, which record transaction data in block form in chronological order and store them in a distributed manner in the network 32 . As a distributed encrypted database with a decentralised consensus mechanism, blockchain combines the technical characteristics of openness, transparency, security and reliability, traceability, decentralisation, tamper-proofing and immutability 23 , 33 .…”
Section: Literature Reviewsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It is composed of multiple organisations with cooperative relationships. The permissions of members are formulated according to the rules of the consortium 32 , 34 . This paper is dedicated to introducing a consortium blockchain that is jointly maintained by the online car-hailing platform, drivers, customers and government regulators, which can not only meet the needs of different participants but also meet the regulatory requirements of all parties.…”
Changes in the online car-hailing industry have brought new challenges to government governance. Effectively enhancing governance efficiency has become the focus of academic research. Based on the technical governance perspective, this paper introduces the consortium blockchain to construct an evolutionary game model between the online car-hailing platform and the government under blockchain technology. By solving the replicated dynamic equations and the Jacobian matrix, the influences of the change in initial conditions and decision parameters on the evolutionary stability results are revealed, and numerical experiments are carried out by using the Python programming language. This paper claims that the system presents three evolutionary stable results and a periodic stochastic state when the key parameters are located in different thresholds. The additional cost of the platform’s negative regulation and the government’s punishment intensity have a positive effect on the evolution of the system to the ideal state (active regulation, active governance). Platform technology R&D cost and government innovation input have a negative effect on the evolution of the system to the ideal state. Therefore, using blockchain to increase the additional cost of the platform’s negative regulation, appropriately increasing the government’s punishment intensity, reasonably controlling the government’s innovation input to the platform, and reducing the technology R&D cost of the platform will help the system evolve into an ideal state. This paper provides useful references to implement effective governance and the innovative and healthy development of the online car-hailing industry.
“…According to the differences in data management and read permissions of transaction subjects, blockchain can be divided into public blockchain, private blockchain and consortium blockchain 34 . Among them, the public blockchain has no central authority, and anyone can participate in the process of obtaining consensus 32 . The private blockchain is created by a single organisation or individual, the management permission is strictly controlled by the creator, and the read permission is finitely open to the public 34 .…”
Section: Literature Reviewsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…To solve the trust issues in network transactions, Satoshi Nakamoto developed and proposed blockchain technology. It is a digitalised ledger that integrates technologies such as consensus algorithms, encryption algorithms and smart contracts, which record transaction data in block form in chronological order and store them in a distributed manner in the network 32 . As a distributed encrypted database with a decentralised consensus mechanism, blockchain combines the technical characteristics of openness, transparency, security and reliability, traceability, decentralisation, tamper-proofing and immutability 23 , 33 .…”
Section: Literature Reviewsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It is composed of multiple organisations with cooperative relationships. The permissions of members are formulated according to the rules of the consortium 32 , 34 . This paper is dedicated to introducing a consortium blockchain that is jointly maintained by the online car-hailing platform, drivers, customers and government regulators, which can not only meet the needs of different participants but also meet the regulatory requirements of all parties.…”
Changes in the online car-hailing industry have brought new challenges to government governance. Effectively enhancing governance efficiency has become the focus of academic research. Based on the technical governance perspective, this paper introduces the consortium blockchain to construct an evolutionary game model between the online car-hailing platform and the government under blockchain technology. By solving the replicated dynamic equations and the Jacobian matrix, the influences of the change in initial conditions and decision parameters on the evolutionary stability results are revealed, and numerical experiments are carried out by using the Python programming language. This paper claims that the system presents three evolutionary stable results and a periodic stochastic state when the key parameters are located in different thresholds. The additional cost of the platform’s negative regulation and the government’s punishment intensity have a positive effect on the evolution of the system to the ideal state (active regulation, active governance). Platform technology R&D cost and government innovation input have a negative effect on the evolution of the system to the ideal state. Therefore, using blockchain to increase the additional cost of the platform’s negative regulation, appropriately increasing the government’s punishment intensity, reasonably controlling the government’s innovation input to the platform, and reducing the technology R&D cost of the platform will help the system evolve into an ideal state. This paper provides useful references to implement effective governance and the innovative and healthy development of the online car-hailing industry.
“…Although there are systematic reviews about the applications of blockchain technology in energy markets (Gad et al, 2022), food supply chain (Castellini et al, 2022), the health sector (Merlo et al, 2023), and the effects of blockchain on business in general, there is no comprehensive literature review study on applications of the blockchain technology in water resources and hydrology.…”
Although blockchain technology was first applied for peer-to-peer financial transactions, it has been used for the digitalization of physical asset management and data management processes in many areas in the industry and academia, including the water domain. Its potential as an immutable data storage system and smart contract integration has provided a plethora of use cases and utility in the domain of hydrology and water resources. In this article, a comprehensive systematic literature review on blockchain applications, opportunities and challenges for the water sector is conducted. The study provides the examination of academic publications, technical reports, whitepapers, hackathon projects, non-academic content and evaluation of the published year, focused hydrology sub-domain, utilized blockchain networks, tools, and development level of application of reviewed content. The current status of blockchain technology in the hydrology literature, potential application areas in the water sector, research gaps, and challenges are discussed from different perspectives, and future study areas are recommended.
“…Though Refs. [30,31] in 2022 covered all those blockchain applications except social network, they did not show emerging applications such as federated learning applications in edge computing and COVID-19 applications in healthcare. In this paper, we conduct comprehensive survey of blockchain technology and its applications as in Fig.…”
Blockchain is an emerging decentralized data collection, sharing, and storage technology, which have provided abundant transparent, secure, tamper-proof, secure, and robust ledger services for various realworld use cases. Recent years have witnessed notable developments of blockchain technology itself as well as blockchain-enabled applications. Most existing surveys limit the scopes on several particular issues of blockchain or applications, which are hard to depict the general picture of current giant blockchain ecosystem.In this paper, we investigate recent advances of both blockchain technology and its most active research topics in real-world applications. We first review the recent developments of consensus and storage mechanisms and communication schema in general blockchain systems. Then extensive literature review is conducted on blockchain-enabled Internet of Things (IoT), edge computing, federated learning, and several emerging applications including healthcare, COVID-19 pandemic, online social network, and supply chain, where detailed specific research topics are discussed in each. Finally, we discuss the future directions, challenges, and opportunities in both academia and industry.
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