“…As previously mentioned, NMIBC are characterized by frequent recurrence and progression to muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 72 ]. Transurethral resection of bladder tumors, followed by intravesical Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) instillation, is the current gold standard for treating patients with intermediate- and high-risk NMIBC [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 ]. The BCG vaccine, comprising live attenuated Mycobacterium bovis, binds to fibronectin in the urothelium and causes a direct tumor and immunological response [ 72 , 79 ].…”