Emerging strategies of activatable MR imaging probes and their advantages for biomedical applications

Abstract

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a highly valuable diagnostic tool as it is a noninvasive technique that offers high spatial resolution. The use of contrast agents (CAs) can enhance the precision and specificity of MRI for disease diagnosis, but their imaging signals are "always on" regardless of whether they interact with target tissues or cells. Hence, a poor target-to-background signal ratio (TBR) is inevitably produced. In contrast, activatable CAs with high performance have been used to significantly improve the TBR, thus these CAs have also received extensive attention and undergone in-depth research. In this review, we summarized the recent advances in design strategies and principles of activatable MR CAs, including ion conversion, self-assembly, and disassembly. Additionally, we analyzed the advantages of these strategies in biomedical applications from in vitro biodetection to in vivo disease diagnosis compared to the outcomes of conventional MR CAs. Finally, we discussed the potential limitations, proposed solutions, and future perspectives of these activatable CAs. K E Y W O R D Sactivatable MR imaging, design strategies, target-to-background signal ratio, relaxivity, biomedical applications 1This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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