Emerging strategies and therapeutic innovations for combating drug resistance in Staphylococcus aureus strains: A comprehensive review

Abstract

In recent years, antibiotic therapy has encountered significant challenges due to the rapid emergence of multidrug resistance among bacteria responsible for life‐threatening illnesses, creating uncertainty about the future management of infectious diseases. The escalation of antimicrobial resistance in the post‐COVID era compared to the pre‐COVID era has raised global concern. The prevalence of nosocomial‐related infections, especially outbreaks of drug‐resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus, have been reported worldwide, with India being a notable hotspot for such occurrences. Various virulence factors and mutations characterize nosocomial infections involving S. aureus. The lack of proper alternative treatments leading to increased drug resistance emphasizes the need to investigate and examine recent research to combat future pandemics. In the current genomics era, the application of advanced technologies such as next‐generation sequencing (NGS), machine learning (ML), and quantum computing (QC) for genomic analysis and resistance prediction has significantly increased the pace of diagnosing drug‐resistant pathogens and insights into genetic intricacies. Despite prompt diagnosis, the elimination of drug‐resistant infections remains unattainable in the absence of effective alternative therapies. Researchers are exploring various alternative therapeutic approaches, including phage therapy, antimicrobial peptides, photodynamic therapy, vaccines, host‐directed therapies, and more. The proposed review mainly focuses on the resistance journey of S. aureus over the past decade, detailing its resistance mechanisms, prevalence in the subcontinent, innovations in rapid diagnosis of the drug‐resistant strains, including the applicants of NGS and ML application along with QC, it helps to design alternative novel therapeutics approaches against S. aureus infection.

Machine learning in infectious diseases: potential applications and limitations

“…The potential applications discussed above are examples of ML approaches to infectious diseases. However, other potential applications including RNA interference-mediated gene control [ 46 ], structure-based drug design [ 47 ], and therapeutic interventions against drug resistance [ 48 ] are under development with possible impact on the prevention and control of infectious and non-infectious diseases.…”

Green Approach for Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles with Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties from Grapevine Waste Extracts

“…It is capable of producing capsules that result in a unique golden yellow pigment. This pigment serves as both a virulence factor and a defense mechanism against antibiotics, leading to the development of MDR and increased mortality rates [10]. Enterococcus faecalis is a Gram-positive bacterium that can survive with or without oxygen and has the ability to cause infections, being frequently encountered in both the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract of humans [11].…”