Emerging Roles for Neuropilin-2 in Cardiovascular Disease

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death worldwide, is predominantly associated with atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterised by the narrowing of large to medium-sized arteries due to a build-up of plaque. Atherosclerotic plaque is comprised of lipids, extracellular matrix, and several cell types, including endothelial, immune, and vascular smooth muscle cells. Such narrowing of the blood vessels can itself restrict blood flow to vital organs but most severe clinical complications, including heart attacks and strokes, occur when lesions rupture, triggering the blood to clot and obstructing blood flow further down the vascular tree. To circumvent such obstructions, percutaneous coronary intervention or bypass grafts are often required; however, re-occlusion of the treated artery frequently occurs. Neuropilins (NRPs), a multifunctional family of cell surface co-receptors, are expressed by endothelial, immune, and vascular smooth muscle cells and are regulators of numerous signalling pathways within the vasculature. Here, we review recent studies implicating NRP2 in the development of occlusive vascular diseases and discuss how NRP2 could be targeted for therapeutic intervention.

Investigation of candidate genes and mechanisms underlying obesity associated type 2 diabetes mellitus using bioinformatics analysis and screening of small drug molecules

“…The GO and pathway enrichment analysis of DEG are closely related to obesity associated type 2 diabetes mellitus. Genes such as KCNE5 [ 45 ], SHANK3 [ 46 ], CASQ2 [ 47 ], EDNRA (endothelin receptor type A) [ 48 ], EPHB4 [ 49 ], ALPK3 [ 50 ], WNT11 [ 51 ], IRAK2 [ 52 ], FBN1 [ 53 ], SFRP2 [ 54 ], CLCA2 [ 55 ], NEXN (nexilin F-actin binding protein) [ 56 ], PALLD (palladin, cytoskeletal associated protein) [ 57 ], DAB2 [ 58 ], NRP2 [ 59 ], THBS2 [ 60 ], CSF1R [ 61 ], KCNA2 [ 62 ], CACNA1C [ 63 ], F2R [ 64 ], UCHL1 [ 65 ], CCL18 [ 66 ], ITGB1BP2 [ 67 ] and FMOD (fibromodulin) [ 68 ] were reportedly involved in cardio vascular diseases, but these genes might be key for progression of obesity associated type 2 diabetes mellitus. Hu et al [ 69 ], Liu et al [ 70 ], Eltokhi et al [ 71 ], Cai et al [ 72 ], Pfeiffer et al [ 73 ], Lin et al [ 74 ], Royer-Zemmour et al [ 75 ], Pastor et al [ 76 ], Goodspeed et al [ 77 ], Zhang et al [ 78 ], Rogers et al [ 79 ], Su et al [ 80 ] and Foale et al [ 81 ] reported that NRXN1, CRHR1, SHANK2, PSEN2, CKB (creatine kinase B), CD200R1, SRPX2, PTPRZ1, SLC6A1, GABRB2, KCNA1, ASAH1 and LINGO1 were the genes expressed in progression of neuropsychiatric disorders, but these genes might be involved in advancement of obesity associated type 2 diabetes mellitus.…”

Investigation of Candidate Genes and Mechanisms Underlying Obesity Associated Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Using Bioinformatics Analysis and Screening of Small Drug Molecules 

“…The GO and pathway enrichment analysis of DEG are closely related to obesity associated type 2 diabetes mellitus genes and advancement. KCNE5 [45], SHANK3 [46], CASQ2 [47], EDNRA (endothelin receptor type A) [48], EPHB4 [49], ALPK3 [50], WNT11 [51], IRAK2 [52], FBN1 [53], SFRP2 [54], CLCA2 [55], NEXN (nexilin F-actin binding protein) [56], PALLD (palladin, cytoskeletal associated protein) [57], DAB2 [58], NRP2 [59], THBS2 [60], CSF1R [61], KCNA2 [62], CACNA1C [63], F2R [64], UCHL1 [65], CCL18 [66], ITGB1BP2 [67] and FMOD ( bromodulin) [68] were reportedly involved in cardio vascular diseases, but these genes might be key for progression of obesity associated type 2 diabetes mellitus. Hu et al [69], Liu et al [70], Eltokhi et al [71], Cai et al [72], Pfeiffer et al [73], Lin et al [74], Royer-Zemmour et al [75], Pastor et al [76], Goodspeed et al [77], Zhang et al [78], Rogers et al [79], Su et al [80] and Foale et al [81] reported that NRXN1, CRHR1, SHANK2, PSEN2, CKB (creatine kinase B), CD200R1, SRPX2, PTPRZ1, SLC6A1, GABRB2, KCNA1, ASAH1 and LINGO1 were linked with progression of neuropsychiatric disorders, but these genes might be involved in advancement of obesity associated type 2 diabetes mellitus.…”

Polysialic Acid in the Immune System

“…Angiogenesis (48). Development of selective cranial and sensory nerves, axon guidance, tumorigenesis, vascularization, and cardiovascular development (49)(50)(51)(52)(53)(54).…”