Emerging role of long noncoding RNAs as regulators of innate immune cell development and inflammatory gene expression

Abstract

The innate immune system represents the first line of defense during infection and is initiated by the detection of conserved microbial products by germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Sensing through PRRs induces broad transcriptional changes that elicit powerful inflammatory responses. Tight regulation of these processes depends on multiple regulatory checkpoints including noncoding RNA species such as microRNAs. In addition, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have recently gained attention as important regulators of gene expression acting through versatile interactions with DNA, RNA, or proteins. As such, these RNAs have a multitude of mechanisms to modulate gene expression. Here, we summarize recent advances in this rapidly moving and evolving field, highlighting the contribution of lncRNAs to both the development and activation of innate immune cells. In addition, we discuss experimental approaches required to comprehensively investigate the function of a candidate noncoding RNA locus.

Inflammation-Stimulated Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Attenuate Inflammation

“…). There is a considerable decrease in the relative abundance of (Rfam ncRNA) sequences in MSCEv + compared to MSCEv and an increase in long noncoding RNA sequences (Refseq lncRNA) which have been linked to inflammatory control via several mechanisms .…”

“…4). There is a considerable decrease in the relative abundance of (Rfam ncRNA) sequences in MSCEv 1 compared to MSCEv and an increase in long noncoding RNA sequences (Refseq lncRNA) which have been linked to inflammatory control via several mechanisms [24][25][26][27]. miRNA packaged in MSC-derived microvesicles have been shown to have potent immunomodulatory effects [28][29][30].…”

Role of lncRNAs in Cellular Aging

“…lncRNAs may regulate gene expression at transcriptional, RNA processing, translational or posttranslational levels by interacting with DNA, RNA, or protein molecules. The subcellular localization of lncRNAs may also provide additional complexity to their function (52). …”

Personalized medicine—concepts, technologies, and applications in inflammatory skin diseases

“…Numerous microRNAs have already been identifiedby microarrays, qRT-PCR, and small RNA-seqas potential diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers in cancer (72)(73)(74)(75)(76)(77), diabetes (78), and many other diseases, including inflammatory skin conditions like psoriasis (79,80) and atopic dermatitis (81,82). What remains to be seen is the potential of an emerging class of ncRNA, namely the long ncRNA (lncRNA, of which around 16 000 human variants have been found so far), in precision medicine, cancer (83) and inflammatory diseases (84).…”