Emerging Role of Exosomes in the Joint Diseases

Abstract

Exosomes are a subset of small, membrane-bound extracellular vesicles that are important for communication among cells. They originate from the cell membrane during endocytic internalization, and are stable in biological fluids, including blood and synovial fluids. Increasing knowledge is emerging about exosomes in joint diseases, including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteonecrosis of the femoral head, and others. Exosomes in synovial fluid can lead to inflammation, degeneration of cartilage, and destruction of joints. Exosomes in blood have diagnostic value in the early disease stage or for complicated conditions of joint diseases. Exosomes from stem cells could delay diseases and repair joints. For a comprehensive understanding about the emerging role of exosomes in joint diseases, we introduced the isolation and verification of exosomes from synovial fluid, reviewed the physiological and pathological effects of exosomes on joints, and discussed the diagnostic value and therapeutic potential of exosomes in joint diseases. In the future, immunologically active exosomes and engineered exosomes will of interest in the joint diseases. Challenges in the field of exosomes in joint-disease research include complex and expensive isolation, detection of contributing molecular, effectiveness and safety evaluation. In summary, challenges remain, but the field of exosomes in joint diseases has potential, including in mechanisms, diagnoses and therapies.

Extracellular Vesicles Biology and its Emerging Role in Osteoarthritis and Related Arthritides

“…MMP-13 is produced by chondrocytes and fibroblast-like synoviocytes, and its expression is stimulated by IL-1ß and TNFα [90,91]. Addition of IL-1ß treated chondrocyte EV to FLS increases MMP-13 production almost three-fold when compared to non-IL-1ß treated EV [92]. Conversely, addition of IL-1ß treated FLS EV to chondrocytes also increased MMP-13 production in addition to downregulating type II collagen [93].…”

Exosomes from adipose‑derived stem cells promote chondrogenesis and suppress inflammation by upregulating miR‑145 and miR‑221

“…Patient-derived articular chondrocytes were isolated and seeded at a density of the 5,000 cells/well in 12-well plate and cultured for 5-7 days until confluency was reached. chondrocytes were exposed to 100 µM H 2 o 2 with or without exosomes (1, 5 and 10x10 10 ]. rT-qPcr was performed using a human miRNA RT-qPCR detection kit specifically for Homo sapiens (hsa)-mir-145, hsa-mir-221, hsa-mir-194, hsa-mir-101 and RNA U6 small nuclear 6 pseudo-genes (RNU6B; cat.…”

“…after establishing that exosomes from ADSCs reduced inflammation in SFs, their actions on articular chondrocytes were investigated. Primary articular chondrocytes were cultured and subjected to H 2 o 2 insults in order to mimic the oxidative stress induced by M1 macrophages in the arthritic synovium (9,10). H 2 o 2 treatment induced apoptosis in the articular chondrocytes.…”

“…The dysregulation of exosome secretion and/or uptake can lead to acute and chronic inflammation, followed by the degeneration of cartilage and the destruction of joints (9). exosomes in the blood have been shown to possess both diagnostic and therapeutic values for joint disorders, such as oa (10)(11)(12). in the present study, the function and the mechanisms of exosomes released from adScs (adSc-exos) were investigated, in order to assess their therapeutic potential in the treatment of oa.…”

Therapeutic potential of stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in osteoarthritis: preclinical study findings

“…So far various characterization methods are available. TEM (Transmission electron microscopy) and SEM (Scanning electron microscopy) are usually used for verifying their cup-or round-shape [46][47][48][49]. TEM is more commonly used than SEM [50,51].…”