Emerging role of exosome-derived long non-coding RNAs in tumor microenvironment

Abstract

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles released by many cell types and have been attributed for their roles in many diseases including cancer. Exosomes secreted by tumor cells and stromal cells are critical mediators of intercellular communication in tumor microenvironments. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are selectively sorted into exosomes and can regulate cancer onset and progression in a variety of ways. In this review, we summarize the characteristics of exosomal lncRNAs and their dysregulation in multiple types of cancer. We provide an overview of current research on exosomal lncRNAs in tumor microenvironments, especially the functions of exosomal lncRNAs in regulating tumor biology. A deeper understanding of the role of exosomal lncRNAs in the tumor microenvironment may help provide new diagnostic and prognostic markers for cancer.

Long Non-coding RNAs: Emerging Roles in the Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment

“…LncRNAs, which are the most frequently expressed nonprotein-coding transcripts, are localized in the cell nucleus, cytoplasm and exosomes (22) where they interact with various molecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins. Some lncRNAs that are packaged into the exosomes can function as messengers for signal transduction between the cells (23). Several studies have reported that lncRNAs are involved in pathophysiological processes through the epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression (24).…”

“…Thus, lncRNA expressions in a certain cancer type could not be validated in other types of cancers. Recently, some studies have reviewed the literatures related to lncRNAs that are associated with various immune cells and stromal cells in adaptive/innate immune system or in TME (22,23,25,43). It is worth noting that most of them have great potential for cancer research in the respect of tumor immunotherapy.…”

ELF1‐mediated LUCAT1 promotes choroidal melanoma by modulating RBX1 expression

“…Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a subgroup under noncoding RNAs with transcripts exceeding 200 nucleotides in length and limited protein-coding capacity. [4][5][6] Development of application of next-generation sequencing has identified thousands of lncRNAs and revealed that the aberrantly expressed | 2161 WANG et Al.…”

Extracellular vesicles in urologic malignancies—Implementations for future cancer care

“…Additionally, Rab27a supports exosome could modify the tumour microenvironment via advancing recruitment and differentiation of bone marrow‐derived neutrophils to cancer cells . Furthermore, a few studies suggest that tumour‐derived EVs facilitate cancer progression by attenuating immune and more specific EVs could diminish the cytotoxicity of natural killer cells and T cell in immunoreaction . Tumour‐derived EVs also could influence the cancer cells themselves via autocrine to irritate the invasion and migration, and reduce adhesion abilities as well via enhancing MMP‐9 or chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) …”