Emerging Risks Due to New Injecting Patterns in Hungary During Austerity Times

Tarján, Anna; Dudás, Mária; Gyarmathy, V. Anna; Rusvai, Erzsébet; Tresó, Bálint; Csohán, Ágnes

doi:10.3109/10826084.2015.978672

Cited by 28 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…A similar problem exists for the fentanils. Changes in the patterns of drug injection are also being driven by new substances [15][16][17][18][19]; the fallout from this includes HIV, hepatitis C, as well as bacterial infections which have sometimes manifested as outbreaks.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

New psychoactive substances: driving greater complexity into the drug problem

Evans-Brown

Sedefov

2016

Addiction

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The world is becoming increasingly complex. Part of the fallout from this is a steady stream of new risks that emerge and that can threaten public health. Some are familiar, others are novel. Spurred by globalisation the (re)emergence and spread of infectious diseases and the growth of the market in unlicensed and fake medicines are just two examples of policy areas that have required extensive changes to their regulatory systems -both at the level of legislation and implementation -to better manage such risks [e.g. 1,2]. Further changes may be required in the future as new risks emerge. The field of drugs has not been immune to these global changes either [3]. As Reuter and Pardo note [4], one particular challenge are new psychoactive substances -a textbook, if not a little unorthodox, example of what can happen when entrepreneurs exploit globalisation and technology.

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confidence: 99%

New psychoactive substances: driving greater complexity into the drug problem

Evans-Brown

Sedefov

2016

Addiction

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“…Levels of injection use among heroin users vary among countries, from 8% in the Netherlands to 100% in Lithuania [3]; however, injecting as a main route of administration has been on the decline [6]. Likewise, Europe is experiencing a general decline in heroin use, with documented consistent decrease in heroin treatment demand since 2001 [6], along with concomitant increase in injection of stimulants and new psychoactive substances [7]. Heroin is reported as the primary drug of use by 41% of substance users coming to treatment in 2013 and by 20% of those who enter treatment for the first time, reflecting a two-fold decrease from the peak in 2007 [3].…”

Section: Global Trends In Opiate Production and Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Opioid Use in the Twenty First Century: Similarities and Differences Across National Borders

Vasilev¹,

Milcheva

Vassileva

2016

Curr Treat Options Psych

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Opinion Statement The global prevalence in the use of opiates and opioids has remained stable, though there were some unprecedented recent increases in opioid use and associated mortality and morbidity in the United States. Internationally, there is a strong tendency for consolidation of drug treatment strategies in favor of more systematic, structured and balanced approaches to regional and national drug policies. However, there are considerable differences in the scope, focus, and implementation of national drug policies and the political context is shaping drug prevention, treatment and rehabilitation efforts to an extent not typically observed in other public health domains. As a result, though in theory, there is a considerable multi-national agreement about the efficacy and effectiveness of different treatment modalities for opioid dependence, in practice, there are striking differences among different world regions and countries in the degree of implementation of these treatment modalities into clinical practice. Such discrepancies between theory and practice are observed even in high-income countries such as the United States and European Union member states, where evidence-based treatment modalities are still not well implemented into clinical practice. Despite the lack of evidence-based support for the role of detoxification as a stand-alone treatment for opioid use disorders, it appears to be the most widely used intervention for opioid use across the world.

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“…However, the scale of the phenomenon in terms of spatial diffusion, prevalence and affected populations varies across Europe. Data from police seizures, needle and syringe programmes, and research studies suggest NPS use is increasing in Hungary . National data collected by the REITOX Hungarian National Focal Point (HNFP) indicate NPS injection tripled among people who inject drugs (PWID) in Hungary between 2011 and 2015, from 26 to 80% .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By 2013, the number of NPS seizures outnumbered those of ‘traditional’ substances in the national seizures statistics . The consumption of NPS has been reported in problem drug users and recreational drug users as well. However, the prevalence of lifetime NPS use among 16‐year‐old pupils (10.7% lifetime prevalence – LTP – of ‘designer drug’ use) and among 18‐ to 34‐year‐old adults (4.2% LTP of synthetic cannabinoid use, 2.7% LTP of ‘new stimulant’ use) in Hungary is lower than in most European countries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the prevalence of lifetime NPS use among 16‐year‐old pupils (10.7% lifetime prevalence – LTP – of ‘designer drug’ use) and among 18‐ to 34‐year‐old adults (4.2% LTP of synthetic cannabinoid use, 2.7% LTP of ‘new stimulant’ use) in Hungary is lower than in most European countries. At the same time cathinones are self‐reported as preferred among PWID . Because of the rapidly evolving market of NPS and the fast emergence of new compounds, little is known about the actual compounds injected by PWID.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Drug residues in syringes and other injecting paraphernalia in Hungary

Péterfi

Csorba²,

Figeczki³

et al. 2017

Drug Testing and Analysis

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The appearance and spread of new psychoactive substances (NPS) is a phenomenon seen throughout Europe since 2008. Synthetic cathinones, a group of NPS, have been self-reported as the drug injected by the vast majority of people who inject drugs (PWID) in Hungary. This study aims at updating our knowledge of what exactly are the compounds injected by PWID. This multi-site study analysed residues from used injecting drug paraphernalia collected from PWID via low-threshold services and from public places in Budapest, Debrecen, Miskolc, Szeged, Békéscsaba and Pécs between March 2015 and February 2016. The paper describes the results of the chemical analysis of 2985 analytical samples created out of the 22 005 objects collected in this period. Active agents and their occurrences (compound cases) were identified using GC-MS. The study detected 161 different compounds, mostly synthetic cathinones (29%), non-psychoactive compounds (14%), amines (12%), non-psychoactive medications (12%) and other substances (32%). Of the 12 762 compound cases, 50% were cathinones, 18% substitution medications, 9% non-controlled psychoactive substances and 24% other substances. Among compound cases, the most frequent cathinones were pentedrone (21%) and α-PHP (12%). Among substitution medications, most were methadone (93%), and non-controlled psychoactive substances were caffeine (74%) and nicotine (21%). Overall, the most prevalent substances were methadone (16%), pentedrone (10%) and caffeine (7%) with considerable variation detected among participating cities. Our results are consistent with previous self-reported data showing a high prevalence of synthetic cathinone injection among PWID in Hungary. We also detected a large-scale misuse of methadone by PWID.

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Emerging Risks Due to New Injecting Patterns in Hungary During Austerity Times

Cited by 28 publications

References 28 publications

New psychoactive substances: driving greater complexity into the drug problem

New psychoactive substances: driving greater complexity into the drug problem

Opioid Use in the Twenty First Century: Similarities and Differences Across National Borders

Drug residues in syringes and other injecting paraphernalia in Hungary

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