Emerging Resistance of Gram Negative Pathogens in Community-Acquired Pneumonia

Abstract

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>In recent decades, there has been a growing interest about the role of gram negative bacteria in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacteriaceae, and Acinetobacter baumannii. The prevalence of these pathogens differs largely according to the local ecology and the geographical location. Identifying gram negative bacteria, and in particular resistant gram negative bacteria, is of paramount importance in patients with CAP because these pathogens are associated with higher clinical severity and unfavorable outcomes. The use of individualized risk factors to predict each pathogen is a helpful strategy that needs to be locally validated. However, it should be taken into account that most of the risk factors identified in the literature are heterogeneously defined or lack consistency. New diagnostic techniques, such as molecular testing, are promising methods for early detection of these gram negative pathogens. The increasing mechanisms of resistance to antibiotics of these pathogens have limited our therapeutic approach. This narrative review focuses on the epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and therapeutic options for the most relevant gram negative bacteria that cause CAP.</jats:p>

[Retracted] Common Pathogens and Drug Resistance of Neonatal Pneumonia with New Multichannel Sensor

“…In addition, neonates have short trachea and drier lumens and their cilia have poor ability to remove bacteria and dusts, so bacteria are easy to descend into the lungs. The differentiation of neonatal lung tissues is not perfect, the alveolus is less, and the lungs are rich with blood vessels relatively; so, the neonates are easy to suffer from congestion and inflammation [ 7 , 8 ]. Common pathogens that can cause neonatal pneumonia include Staphylococcus aureus , group B hemolytic Streptococcus , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Listeria , Chlamydia , and some anaerobic bacteria and viruses [ 9 ].…”

Risk of Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens in Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia

“…Some studies have attempted to separate MRSA, 26,33 but many risk factors for MRSA infection overlap with those of other MDR pathogens. 34 Regarding the severity of pneumonia, some scores, such as DRIP or PES, do not directly consider it, while scores such as Falcone's do. However, some criteria for the Falcone system require analysis or imaging methods, which does not allow it to be a fast system.…”

Erregerlexikon: Acinetobacter

“…In den letzten Jahren wurden in der Literatur mehrere Fälle durchaus schwer verlaufender community acquired Pneumonia (CAP) durch Acinetobacter beschrieben, deren überwiegende Mehrheit aus Asien und dem Norden Australiens stammen. In Untersuchungen an größeren Populationen wird diesen eine Prävalenz maximal um 2 % zugeschrieben, auch wenn vor einigen Jahren der Anteil von Acinetobacter an CAP-Fällen im nördlichen Australien mit 10 % angegeben wurde [8,9].…”