Emerging Organic Contaminants in Groundwater

Stuart, Marianne; Lapworth, Dan

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-37006-9_12

Cited by 21 publications

(21 citation statements)

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“…Eckel et al, 1993;Holm et al, 1995), as well as indirectly through the process of groundwater-surface water (GW-SW) exchange (Buerge et al, 2009). Recent reviews have covered the occurrence of EOCs in surface waters used for public water supply (Houtman, 2010), the sources, occurrence and fate of 'emerging organic contaminants' (EOCs) in surface water sources (Pal et al, 2010), and trace pollutants and EOCs in fresh water sources (Murray et al, 2010 (Leistra and Boesten, 1989;Ritter, 1990;Kolpin et al, 1998;Murray et al, 2010;Stuart et al, 2011). …”

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“…crotamiton) in urban groundwater and no or less-frequent detection of the phenolic and carboxylic EOCs (e.g. Nakada et al, 2008;Stuart et al, 2011). These studies demonstrate why amide EOCs (i.e., crotamiton and carbamazepine) are perhaps more conservative tracers of sewage inputs to groundwater, compared to phenolic or carboxylic EOCs.…”

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“…Barnes et al, 2004;Carrara et al, 2007;Watanabe et al, 2010). In one study in Denmark Holm et al (1995) reported sulfonamides in groundwater samples down gradient of a landfill site at concentrations in the range 10 4 -10 6 ng/L, however, generally antibiotics are detected in low concentrations compared to other more commonly occurring groundwater EOCs.Less widely reported pharmaceuticals include a range of compounds associated with skin care products including UV blockers (oxybenzone and drometrizole), isopropyl myristate, phenoxy-ethanol and lilial (Snyder et al, 2004;Stuart et al, 2011). Preservatives detected in groundwater include a series of paraben compounds (fungicide/microbiocide) which are used in food, creams and other personal care products.…”

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“…Preservatives detected in groundwater include a series of paraben compounds (fungicide/microbiocide) which are used in food, creams and other personal care products. Methylparaben was detected relatively frequently (c. 2%) in UK groundwaters (Stuart et al, 2011) with a maximum concentration of 5 x 10 3 ng/L and may be potentially a useful marker of waste water pollution in the freshwater environment. …”

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“…Swartz et al, 2006;Godfrey et al, 2007;Rabiet et al, 2006). Nicotine was only reported in two case studies (Stuart et al, 2011;Godfrey et al, 2007). …”

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Emerging organic contaminants in groundwater: A review of sources, fate and occurrence

Lapworth

Baran

Stuart

et al. 2012

Environmental Pollution

1,418

553

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Emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) detected in groundwater may have adverse effects on human health and aquatic ecosystems. This paper reviews the existing occurrence data in groundwater for a range of EOCs including pharmaceutical, personal care, 'life-style' and selected industrial compounds. The main sources and pathways for organic EOCs in groundwater are reviewed, with occurrence data for EOCs in groundwater included from both targeted studies and broad reconnaissance surveys. Nanogram-microgram per litre concentrations are present in groundwater for a large range of EOCs as well as metabolites and transformation products and under certain conditions may pose a threat to freshwater bodies for decades due to relatively long groundwater residence times. In the coming decades, more of these EOCs are likely to have drinking water standards, environmental quality standards and/or groundwater threshold values defined, and therefore a better understanding of the spatial and temporal variation remains a priority.Keywords: emerging contaminants; review; groundwater; pharmaceuticals; occurrence Capsule: A large range of emerging organic contaminants are now being detected in groundwater as a result of recent and historical anthropogenic activities. IntroductionA diverse array of synthetic organic compounds are used by society in vast quantities for a range of purposes including the production and preservation of food, industrial manufacturing processes, as well as for human and animal healthcare. In the last few decades there has been a growing interest in the occurrence of these, so called, 'micro-organic contaminants' in the terrestrial and aquatic environment, their environmental fate and their potential toxicity (Stan and Linkerhagner, 1992;Stan et al., 1994;Halling-Sørensen et al., 1998;Daughton and Ternes, 1999;Schwarzenbach et al., 2006;Kümmerer, 2009). The contamination of groundwater resources by micro-organics is a growing concern and relatively poorly understood compared to other freshwater resources. Groundwater provides the most reliable perennial source of freshwater on Earth. It maintains flows and levels in rivers and lakes, is essential for the health of groundwater-dependant ecosystems, and in many parts of the world is the most important source of drinking water.Of particular concern are 'emerging organic contaminants' (EOCs). This term is used to cover not only newly developed compounds but also compounds newly discovered in the environment -often due to analytical developments (Lindsey et al., 2001;Petrovic and Barceló, 2006;Richardson and Ternes, 2011) and compounds that have only recently been categorised as contaminants. EOCs include a wide array of different compounds (as well as metabolites and transformation products-collectively referred to here as degradates)including; pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), pesticides, veterinary products, industrial compounds/by-products, food additives as well as engineered nanomaterials. Because of the vast array of possible comp...

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“…Swartz et al, 2006;Godfrey et al, 2007;Rabiet et al, 2006). Nicotine was only reported in two case studies (Stuart et al, 2011;Godfrey et al, 2007). …”

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