Emerging of Multidrug-Resistant Cronobacter sakazakii Isolated from Infant Supplementary Food in China

Gan, Xin; Li, Menghan; Xu, Jin; Yan, Shuling; Wang, Wei; Li, Fengqin

doi:10.1128/spectrum.01197-22

Cited by 14 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 71 publications

(82 reference statements)

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“…H-NS, MacA, MarA, MarB, marR, mdfA, MdfA/Cmr, mdtA, MdtABC-TolC, mdtB, mdtH, QacE, and SugE in all isolates. These genes were previously identified in C. sakazakii strains investigated in other studies [45][46][47]. All the isolates had genes encoding resistance to at least one of the antibiotic classes such as Aminoglycoside, Fluoroquinolone, Macrolide, Aminocoumarin, Tetracycline, Microcin, peptide antibiotic, and phosphonic acid (mdtA, mdtB, MdtABC-TolC).…”

Section: Antimicrobial Resistance Genesmentioning

confidence: 76%

Comprehensive Genomic Characterization of Cronobacter sakazakii Isolates from Infant Formula Processing Facilities Using Whole-Genome Sequencing

Mousavi,

Koolman,

Macori

et al. 2023

Microorganisms

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Cronobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic pathogen linked to outbreaks in powdered infant formula (PIF), primarily causing meningitis and necrotizing enterocolitis. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was used to characterize 18 C. sakazakii strains isolated from PIF (powdered infant formula) manufacturing plants (2011–2015). Sequence Type (ST) 1 was identified as the dominant sequence type, and all isolates carried virulence genes for chemotaxis, flagellar motion, and heat shock proteins. Multiple antibiotic resistance genes were detected, with all isolates exhibiting resistance to Cephalosporins and Tetracycline. A significant correlation existed between genotypic and phenotypic antibiotic resistance. The plasmid Col(pHAD28) was identified in the isolates recovered from the same PIF environment. All isolates harbored at least one intact phage. All the study isolates were compared with a collection of 96 publicly available C. sakazakii genomes to place these isolates within a global context. This comprehensive study, integrating phylogenetic, genomic, and epidemiological data, contributes to a deeper understanding of Cronobacter outbreaks. It provides valuable insights to enhance surveillance, prevention, and control strategies in food processing and public health contexts.

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Section: Antimicrobial Resistance Genesmentioning

confidence: 76%

Comprehensive Genomic Characterization of Cronobacter sakazakii Isolates from Infant Formula Processing Facilities Using Whole-Genome Sequencing

Mousavi,

Koolman,

Macori

et al. 2023

Microorganisms

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“…Recently, the emergence of infections caused by Cronobacter spp. in adults, especially the immunocompromised and elderly, has also been observed [16,17,196,197].…”

Section: Cronobacter Sppmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…However, reports on baby food strains resistant to, e.g., chloramphenicol, ampicillin, amoxicillin, tetracycline and cephalosporins, are more frequent. The spread of antibiotic resistance among foodborne isolates poses an important and controllable public health challenge [17,97,197].…”

Section: Cronobacter Sppmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiotic Resistance in Selected Emerging Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens—An Issue of Concern?

et al. 2023

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Antibiotic resistance (AR) and multidrug resistance (MDR) have been confirmed for all major foodborne pathogens: Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes. Of great concern to scientists and physicians are also reports of antibiotic-resistant emerging food pathogens—microorganisms that have not previously been linked to food contamination or were considered epidemiologically insignificant. Since the properties of foodborne pathogens are not always sufficiently recognized, the consequences of the infections are often not easily predictable, and the control of their activity is difficult. The bacteria most commonly identified as emerging foodborne pathogens include Aliarcobacter spp., Aeromonas spp., Cronobacter spp., Vibrio spp., Clostridioides difficile, Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, Salmonella enterica, Streptocccus suis, Campylobacter jejuni, Helicobacter pylori, Listeria monocytogenes and Yersinia enterocolitica. The results of our analysis confirm antibiotic resistance and multidrug resistance among the mentioned species. Among the antibiotics whose effectiveness is steadily declining due to expanding resistance among bacteria isolated from food are β-lactams, sulfonamides, tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones. Continuous and thorough monitoring of strains isolated from food is necessary to characterize the existing mechanisms of resistance. In our opinion, this review shows the scale of the problem of microbes related to health, which should not be underestimated.

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“…that were resistant to fosfomycin; 97.5% (39/40) of strains carried the gene fos , which is responsible for fosfomycin resistance, in this study. A recent study from infant supplement food in China found two C. sakazakii strains showed resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole–trimethoprim, and chloramphenicol [ 41 ]. Another recent report on powdered infant formula milk in Iran showed that 96% (24/25) of C. sakazakii isolates were multi-drug resistant (to at least three different antibiotic classes), and that eight isolates were resistant to a profile consisting of six different classes of antibiotics [ 17 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diverse Genotypes of Cronobacter spp. Associated with Dairy Farm Systems in Jiangsu and Shandong Provinces in China

Liu,

Ji,

Sun

et al. 2024

Foods

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Cronobacter spp. are the most concerning foodborne pathogen in infant formula milk powder. Currently, there are many reports on the prevalence of Cronobacter spp. in infant formula milk and its processing environment, but there are few studies on the prevalence of Cronobacter spp. on dairy farms. We have, therefore, undertaken this study to investigate and track genomic epidemiology of Cronobacter spp. isolates from Chinese dairy farms in the provinces of Jiangsu and Shandong. In this study, forty Cronobacter spp. strains, consisting of thirty Cronobacter sakazakii, eight Cronobacter malonaticus, and two Cronobacter dublinensis, were obtained from 1115 dairy farm samples (raw milk, silage, bedding, and feces), with a prevalence rate of 3.57%. These isolates were classified into 10 Cronobacter serotypes and 31 sequence types (STs), including three novel STs which were isolated for the first time. Notably, pathogenic Cronobacter STs 7, 8, 17, 60, and 64, which are associated with clinical infections, were observed. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that all the Cronobacter spp. were highly resistant to cephalothin and fosfomycin, which was consistent with the antimicrobial genotype. All isolates carried core virulence genes related to adherence, invasion, endotoxin, immune evasion, secretion system, and regulation. Approximately half the isolates were also able to produce a strong biofilm. Twenty-one prophages and eight plasmids were detected, with the most common prophage being Cronobacter_ENT47670 and the most common plasmid being IncFIB (pCTU1). In addition, two isolates harbored the transmissible locus of stress tolerance (tLST) which confers high environmental persistence. Phylogenetic analysis showed strong clustering by species level and sequence types. Isolates from different sources or regions with a similar genomic background suggests the cross-contamination of Cronobacter spp. The presence of diverse genotypes of Cronobacter spp. in dairy farms in Jiangsu and Shandong provinces indicates that surveillance of Cronobacter spp. on dairy farms should be strengthened, to prevent and control transmission and ensure the quality and safety of raw dairy products.

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Emerging of Multidrug-Resistant Cronobacter sakazakii Isolated from Infant Supplementary Food in China

Cited by 14 publications

References 71 publications

Comprehensive Genomic Characterization of Cronobacter sakazakii Isolates from Infant Formula Processing Facilities Using Whole-Genome Sequencing

Comprehensive Genomic Characterization of Cronobacter sakazakii Isolates from Infant Formula Processing Facilities Using Whole-Genome Sequencing

Antibiotic Resistance in Selected Emerging Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens—An Issue of Concern?

Diverse Genotypes of Cronobacter spp. Associated with Dairy Farm Systems in Jiangsu and Shandong Provinces in China

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