Emerging Novel GII.P16 Noroviruses Associated with Multiple Capsid Genotypes

Barclay, Leslie; Cannon, Jennifer L.; Wikswo, Mary E.; Phillips, Annie; Browne, Hannah; Montmayeur, Anna; Tatusov, Roman L.; Burke, Rachel M; Hall, Aron J.; Vinjé, Jan

doi:10.3390/v11060535

Cited by 51 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…In GII.P16, the collection year of GII.2 and GII.4 corresponded with the year of increase of population size (Nagasawa et al, 2018;Barclay et al, 2019). Previous reports have shown a correlation between fluctuations in population size and the epidemiology of actual outbreaks (Motomura et al, 2008(Motomura et al, , 2010Chen et al, 2015;van Beek et al, 2017;Nagasawa et al, 2018;Barclay et al, 2019;Brown et al, 2019). In this study, we observed similar results in the phylodynamics of NoV protease according to the VP1 and RdRp regions (Kobayashi et al, 2016;Ozaki et al, 2018).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…In GII.P7 and GII.P21, the collection year of GII.6 and GII.3, respectively, was almost consistent with the year in which the population size increased. In GII.P16, the collection year of GII.2 and GII.4 corresponded with the year of increase of population size (Nagasawa et al, 2018;Barclay et al, 2019). Previous reports have shown a correlation between fluctuations in population size and the epidemiology of actual outbreaks (Motomura et al, 2008(Motomura et al, , 2010Chen et al, 2015;van Beek et al, 2017;Nagasawa et al, 2018;Barclay et al, 2019;Brown et al, 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

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Molecular Evolution of the Protease Region in Norovirus Genogroup II

et al. 2020

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Noroviruses are a major cause of viral epidemic gastroenteritis in humans worldwide. The protease (Pro) encoded in open reading frame 1 (ORF1) is an essential enzyme for proteolysis of the viral polyprotein. Although there are some reports regarding the evolutionary analysis of norovirus GII-encoding genes, there are few reports focused on the Pro region. We analyzed the molecular evolution of the Pro region of norovirus GII using bioinformatics approaches. A time-scaled phylogenetic tree of the Pro region constructed using a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo method indicated that the common ancestor of GII diverged from GIV around 1680 CE [95% highest posterior density (HPD), 1607-1749]. The GII Pro region emerged around 1752 CE (95%HPD, 1707-1794), forming three further lineages. The evolutionary rate of GII Pro region was estimated at more than 10 −3 substitutions/site/year. The distribution of the phylogenetic distances of each genotype differed, and showed genetic diversity. Mapping of the negative selection and substitution sites of the Pro structure showed that the substitution sites in the Pro protein were mostly produced under neutral selection in positions structurally adjacent to the active sites for proteolysis, whereas negative selection was observed in residues distant from the active sites. The phylodynamics of GII.P4, GII.P7, GII.P16, GII.P21, and GII.P31 indicated that their effective population sizes increased during the period from 2005 to 2016 and the increase in population size was almost consistent with the collection year of these genotypes. These results suggest that the Pro region of the norovirus GII evolved rapidly, but under no positive selection, with a high genetic divergence, similar to that of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) region and the VP1 region of noroviruses.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Molecular Evolution of the Protease Region in Norovirus Genogroup II

et al. 2020

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“…In previous studies, it was shown that the current circulating GII.P16 variants exhibit amino acid changes in the polymerase. Five mutations were found in different studies: D173E; S293T; V332I; K357Q; and, T360A [ 8 , 11 , 18 ]. In this study, fourteen RdRp-sequences (234bp) were analyzed in the ORF1 region, amino acid changes S293T and V332I were found in all sequences ( Figure 5 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because GII.P16-GII.4 Sydney was the predominate genotype in Germany, it was unexpected that, in the district Märkisch-Oderland GII.P31–GII.4 Sydney was the predominant genotype, followed by GII.P16–GII.2. In the US, GII.P31–GII.4 Sydney was predominating in 2012, but it was replaced by GII.P16–GII.4 Sydney in 2015 [ 11 ]. The predominance of the genotype GII.P31–GII.4 Sydney was also reported from other countries, like China [ 21 , 22 ] and from Brazil [ 23 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diversity of Noroviruses throughout Outbreaks in Germany 2018

Niendorf

Faber

Tröger³

et al. 2020

Viruses

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Human norovirus accounts for the majority of viral gastroenteritis cases worldwide. It is a fast evolving virus generating diversity via mutation and recombination. Therefore, new variants and new recombinant strains emerge in the norovirus population. We characterized norovirus positive stool samples from one intensively studied district Märkisch-Oderland state Brandenburg with the samples from other states of Germany in order to understand the molecular epidemiological dynamics of norovirus outbreaks in Germany 2018. PCR systems, Sanger sequencing, and phylogenetic analyses were used for genotyping. Noroviruses of 250 outbreaks in Germany were genotyped, including 39 outbreaks for the district Märkisch-Oderland. Viral diversity in Märkisch-Oderland as compared to Germany was similar, but not identical. The predominant genogroup in Germany was GII with predominate genotype GII.P16-GII.4 Sydney, whereas GII.P31-GII.4 Sydney was the most frequent in Märkisch-Oderland. Genogroup I viruses were less frequently detected, regional and national. Within the sequences of GII.4 recombinants, two distinct clusters were identified with outbreaks from Märkisch-Oderland. Further analysis of sequence data and detailed epidemiological data are needed in order to understand the link between outbreaks in such clusters. Molecular surveillance should be based on samples collected nationally in order to trace comprehensive virus distribution and recombination events in virus population.

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Norovirus‐associated gastroenteritis, Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil, 2014‐2017

Guarines

Mendes

Magalhães

et al. 2019

Journal of Medical Virology

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Norovirus (NoV) is currently the leading cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis. In Brazil, few studies have characterized the molecular, epidemiological and clinical features of NoV‐associated gastroenteritis. This study aimed to describe the molecular and clinicoepidemiological findings of NoV infections in patients of all ages throughout Pernambuco state, Northeast Brazil. Thus, 1135 stool samples were analyzed from patients with gastroenteritis from Pernambuco state. NoV was detected by enzyme immunoassay in 125 (11.01%) samples. Regarding gender distribution, 55 (44.00%) patients were female and 70 (56.00%) male. Their ages ranged from 5 days to 87 years, and the group most affected by NoV infection (88.00%) was children under 3 years. Complete clinical information was available for 88 out of 125 NoV‐positive patients. Diarrhea was present in all patients and vomiting was reported in 60 patients (68.68%). Nine patients (10.22%) had bloody stools and 46 (52.27%) had a fever, with temperatures ranging from 37.90°C to 39.90°C (mean 38.20°C). NoV was detected mainly in the summer‐autumn seasons. Genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses identified four different NoV GII genotypes circulating in this area of the country. Therefore, our study provided valuable information about the clinics and epidemiology of NoV infection in tropical settings and will assist health authorities to develop better control strategies against this important pathogen.

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Emerging Novel GII.P16 Noroviruses Associated with Multiple Capsid Genotypes

Cited by 51 publications

References 56 publications

Molecular Evolution of the Protease Region in Norovirus Genogroup II

Molecular Evolution of the Protease Region in Norovirus Genogroup II

Diversity of Noroviruses throughout Outbreaks in Germany 2018

Norovirus‐associated gastroenteritis, Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil, 2014‐2017

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