Emerging Molecular Functions of MicroRNA-9: Cancer Pathology and Therapeutic Implications

Abstract

: MiRNAs that are characterized by small non-coding RNAs orchestrate the expression of important genes involved in cancer cell development processes including apoptosis, proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, and drug resistance at the post-transcriptional level. Dysregulation of miR-9 in various cancers has been reported. Recently, miR-9 has been considered as a key miRNA in various malignancies. However its importance in the pathogenesis of different neoplasms is not yet well defined. Accordingly, this study was conducted in order to clarify the potential roles of miR-9 in in the development of various cancers, prognosis, and treatment approaches. We have shown that a large number of miR-9 targets play fundamental roles in carcinogenesis and that is dysregulated in various cancer cells. Our findings was found aberrant miR-9 expression in a majority of cancers. This review article, generally emphasize on the critical roles of miR-9 in cancer cell progression. Additionally, we intended to investigate the effects of down-regulation or up-regulation of miR-9 in different types of cancers. It is hoped that a good understanding of the regulatory roles of miR-9 in various cancers be helpful for using miR-9 in the clinical settings including prognosis, diagnose, and miRNA based target therapy.

MiRNA dysregulation underlying common pathways in type 2 diabetes and cancer development: an Italian Association of Medical Oncology (AIOM)/Italian Association of Medical Diabetologists (AMD)/Italian Society of Diabetology (SID)/Italian Society of Endocrinology (SIE)/Italian Society of Pharmacology (SIF) multidisciplinary critical view

“… 95 , 167 miR-9 Modulates the PI3K/AKT, JAK/STAT, Notch1, Wnt/β-catenin, Ras, and ERK signaling pathways. 98 miR-15a Targets the oncogenes BCL2, MCL1, CCND1, and Wnt3A. 99 miR-17-92 cluster Targets tumor-suppressive (PTEN, RB2, and TGF-β) and oncogenic (c-myc, Notch, and Sonic Hedgehog) signaling pathways.…”

“… 96 , 97 Of note, the role of miR-9 in cancer is dependent on cancer type, so miR-9 serves as a tumor-suppressor miRNA in some cancers and has an oncogenic role in others. 98 MiR-9 controls different biological processes, such as self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation, and has been shown to play important regulatory roles in cancer biology regulating processes such as tumor initiation (apoptosis/proliferation), progression (angiogenesis/metastasization), and chemosensitivity. 97 , 98 Specifically, miR-9 expression affects many biochemical pathways commonly deregulated in human cancers ( Table 3 ).…”

miR-375 suppresses the growth and metastasis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by targeting PRDX1

“…Translational repression or message RNA (mRNA) degradation can occur as a result of the docking of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) to complementary sites in the 3' untranslated region of target mRNA guided by miRNAs (6). miRNAs are involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, maturation, metabolism and other processes, and therefore play an important role in tumor pathology (7)(8)(9). Among them, multiple miRNAs are dysregulated and can serve as either tumor repressors or oncogenes in almost all types of cancers (10).…”

Role of miRNA-495 and NRXN-1 and CNTN-1 mRNA Expression and Its Prognostic Importance in Breast Cancer Patients

“…miRNAs can control the gene expression programs in cells. It has been said that altered miRNAs expression significantly contributes to breast cancer development and progression [2] as the miRNAs are the crucial regulators of gene expression and play potential roles in the regulation of cancer cell progression [3]. BC expressing hormone receptor (estrogen receptor (ER+) or progesterone receptor (PR+)), BC expressing human epidermal receptor 2 (HER2+), and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) (ER−, PR−, HER2−) has been categorized based on histological evidence [4].…”