Emerging markers for antimicrobial resistance monitoring

pH-Responsive Charge Convertible Hyperbranched Poly(ionic liquid) Nanoassembly with High Biocompatibility for Resistance-Free Antimicrobial Applications

“…1,2 Bacteria employ multiple tolerance mechanisms against antibiotics, resulting in suboptimal drug concentrations at infection sites. 3,4 This necessitates higher antibiotic doses for effective treatment, consequently exposing healthy cells to increased risk. 5−7 Over the past decades, substantial efforts have been directed toward developing antibiotic alternatives, such as metal-based nanoparticles, 8 antimicrobial peptides, 9,10 and various antimicrobial polymers, 11−17 aiming to combat antibiotic-resistant pathogenic strains.…”

“…Bacterial infectious diseases represent a serious threat to human health, posing a major challenge for global healthcare because of the rapid emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains. , Bacteria employ multiple tolerance mechanisms against antibiotics, resulting in suboptimal drug concentrations at infection sites. , This necessitates higher antibiotic doses for effective treatment, consequently exposing healthy cells to increased risk. − Over the past decades, substantial efforts have been directed toward developing antibiotic alternatives, such as metal-based nanoparticles, antimicrobial peptides, , and various antimicrobial polymers, − aiming to combat antibiotic-resistant pathogenic strains. − Another obstacle for treatment of bacterial infection is that up to 80% of infections are associated with bacterial biofilm formation . Biofilms consist of highly organized communities of cells protected by an extracellular polymer matrix (EPS). , This EPS severely hinders the diffusion of antimicrobials into the deep layers of biofilms, resulting in significantly reduced antimicrobial activity compared to planktonic bacteria. , Therefore, the next generation of antimicrobials must possess the ability to penetrate biofilms effectively and exhibit a high potency against bacteria within a biofilm.…”