Emerging inflammatory markers for assessing coronary heart disease risk

Abstract

Although assessment of traditional coronary heart disease risk factors can often stratify individuals into low- or high-risk categories, additional means are needed to more precisely classify people clinically defined as intermediate-risk, to guide the intensity of risk-reducing therapies. The recognition that inflammatory pathways are important in the progression of atherosclerosis and its complications has prompted investigation to identify circulating risk markers that may be useful in risk stratification. This article summarizes recent studies on the current use of an emerging group of inflammatory markers: soluble CD-40 ligand, interleukin-18, myeloperoxidase, B-type natriuretic peptides, secretory phospholipase A(2), lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2), and C-reactive protein. The demonstration that lowering C-reactive protein along with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with statins reduces events beyond cholesterol lowering alone suggests that titration of therapies using other emerging inflammatory markers may further reduce the toll of atherosclerosis in adult populations.

Elevated Serum Chemerin Levels are Associated with the Presence of Coronary Artery Disease in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome

“…Therefore, predicting the risk for CAD in patients with MetS at the early stages is important for targeting prevention strategies. In recent years, serum biomarkers have emerged as important tools for prediction, diagnosis, risk stratification and therapeutic decision-making for patients with cardiovascular disease (6). In the current study, elevated serum chemerin level was found to be an independent predictive marker of the presence of CAD in subjects with MetS.…”

“…This indicates that chemerin may play a considerable role in MetS and might be a potential independent adipocytokine marker of MetS. In addition, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia and inflammation have been suggested to be associated with increased risks for CAD (6). We then hypothesize that the levels of serum chemerin may be correlated with the development of CAD in patients with MetS.…”

Effects of phospholipase A2 and its products on structural stability of human LDL: relevance to formation of LDL-derived lipid droplets

“…Several types of secretory PLA 2 ( 16,17 ) and the lipoprotein-associated PLA 2 (Lp-PLA 2 ) that preferentially hydrolyses oxidized PCs in LDL ( 18 ) provide biomarkers of infl ammation and atherosclerosis [reviewed in (19)(20)(21)(22)]. Moreover, Lp-PLA 2 has emerged as a causative agent of atherosclerosis and as a new therapeutic target ( 17,(23)(24)(25)(26)(27).…”

Adipozytokine bei Rheumatoider Arthritis und Adipositas

“…Eine erhöhte Expression von löslichem CD40 L ist bei Autoimmunerkrankungen wie der RA in Verbindung mit der Krankheitsaktivität bekannt [34,35]. Ebenso ist das Glykoprotein sCD40 L bekannt als Marker für die entzündliche Krankheitsaktivität bei koronarer Herzkrankheit [36]. Der Anstieg der sCD40 L-Spiegel unserer Patienten steht klar in Verbindung mit einer Steigerung der Entzündungsaktivität, wie die formale Korrelation zu den Entzündungsparametern CRP und BSG ergab.…”