Emerging Infectious Diseases of Chelonians

Gibbons, Paul; Steffes, Zachary J.

doi:10.1016/j.cvex.2013.02.004

Cited by 30 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Mycoplasma spp., ranavirus, adenovirus, and herpesvirus are important pathogens in captive and freeranging chelonians (Jacobson 1997;Origgi and Jacobson 2000;Gibbons and Steffes 2013;Flanagan 2015). The upper respiratory tract clinical signs associated with each of these pathogens overlap and coinfection has been reported, increasing the importance of diagnostic methods to differentiate the specific etiologic agent causing pathology (Sim et al 2016).…”

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

“…Iridioviruses of the genus Ranavirus are emerging pathogens causing severe morbidity and mortality in chelonians (Gibbons and Steffes 2013). Ranaviruses are capable of infecting fish, amphibians, and reptiles (Gibbons and Steffes 2013). In chelonians, clinical signs include upper respiratory tract disease, respiratory distress, nasal discharge, oral ulceration, cutaneous abscessation, subcutaneous edema, anorexia, and lethargy (Gibbons and Steffes 2013).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Ranaviruses are capable of infecting fish, amphibians, and reptiles (Gibbons and Steffes 2013). In chelonians, clinical signs include upper respiratory tract disease, respiratory distress, nasal discharge, oral ulceration, cutaneous abscessation, subcutaneous edema, anorexia, and lethargy (Gibbons and Steffes 2013). Ranavirus infection has been identified in captive and free-ranging Eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) (De Voe et al 2004;Johnson et al 2008;Allender et al 2011;Sim et al 2016;Perpiñán et al 2016), captive Burmese star tortoises (Geochelone platynotan), a free-ranging gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus), and a Florida box turtle (Terrapene carolina bauri) (Johnson et al 2008).…”

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Epidemiology of Emydoidea Herpesvirus 1 in Free-Ranging Blanding's Turtles (Emydoidea Blandingii) From Illinois

Lindemann¹,

Allender²,

Thompson³

et al. 2019

Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine

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While herpesvirus infections have been associated with high morbidity and mortality in populations of captive Emydid chelonians worldwide, novel herpesviruses (Terrapene herpesvirus 1, Emydid herpesvirus 1 and 2, and Glyptemys herpesvirus 1 and 2) have also recently been identified in apparently healthy free-ranging Emydid populations. The clinical significance of this finding in the absence of an outbreak is currently unknown. The authors hypothesize that herpesvirus prevalence may be used as a sentinel of population health due to the virus' propensity to recrudesce in times of stress or concurrent disease. Blanding's turtles (Emydoidea blandingii), an endangered species in Illinois, have experienced range-wide declines because of habitat loss, degradation, and fragmentation. While ongoing studies are crucial to a thorough understanding of the natural history and demographics in disjointed Illinois populations, infectious disease threats have been largely unevaluated. In 2015, 20 free-ranging Blanding's turtles in DuPage County, Illinois were screened for a herpesvirus using consensus PCR. A novel herpesvirus, Emydoidea herpesvirus 1 (EBHV1), was identified. Subsequently, the investigators developed a highly sensitive and specific TaqMan ® quantitative PCR assay to target the DNA-dependent DNA polymerase gene of EBHV1. Validation results indicate that this assay is specific for EBHV1, has a linear range of detection from 10 8-10 1 viral copies per reaction, and can categorically detect as few as 1 viral copy per reaction. In an epidemiological investigation, combined oral-cloacal swabs were collected from radiotelemetered and trapped Blanding's turtles in DuPage (n=60 turtles) and Lake (n=81 turtles) County from May-September 2016. Repeated samples of 50 adult females had a significantly higher prevalence of EBHV1 in May (23.8%, n=10) than June (2.9%, n=1), July (0%, n=0), August (0%, n=0), or September (7.7%, n=3) (odds ratio [OR]: 12.97; 95% CI: 3.83-43.92). This corresponds to the onset of nesting and may be associated with increased physiologic demands; however, all positive turtles were negative in subsequent months. Furthermore, there were no clinical signs associated with any turtle at the time they were detected with EBHV1. This investigation is the critical first step to characterizing the implications of EBHV1 on Blanding's turtle population health and identifying management changes that may improve sustainability.

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Epidemiology of Emydoidea Herpesvirus 1 in Free-Ranging Blanding's Turtles (Emydoidea Blandingii) From Illinois

Lindemann¹,

Allender²,

Thompson³

et al. 2019

Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine

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“…Ceftazidime is used for management of traumatic injuries in turtles that may acquire secondary infections. The use in turtles has been documented by other veterinarians who treat infections in turtles (Allender et al., ; Gibbons & Steffes, ; Sim et al., ).…”

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confidence: 99%

Population pharmacokinetics of ceftazidime after a single intramuscular injection in wild turtles

Cerreta

Lewbart

Dise

et al. 2018

Vet Pharm & Therapeutics

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Ceftazidime, a third-generation cephalosporin, is important for treating opportunistic bacterial infections in turtles. Antibacterial dosage regimens are not well established for wild turtles and are often extrapolated from other reptiles or mammals. This investigation used a population pharmacokinetic approach to study ceftazidime in wild turtles presented for rehabilitation. Ceftazidime was administered to 24 wild turtles presented to the Turtle Rescue Team at North Carolina State University. A sparse blood sampling protocol was used to collect samples from 0 to 120 hr with three samples per individual after injection. Plasma samples were analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). A nonlinear mixed-effects model (NLME) was fitted to the data to determine typical values for population parameters. We identified a long half-life (T½) of approximately 35 hr and volume of distribution (V ) of 0.26 L/kg. We concluded that this long T½ will allow for a dose of 20 mg/kg injected IM to maintain concentrations above the MIC of most wild-type bacteria for 5 days. Because of long intervals between injections, stability of stored formulations was measured and showed that 90% strength was maintained for 120 hr when stored in the refrigerator and for 25 days when stored in the freezer.

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Mediterranean Tortoises

Brown¹

2020

Handbook of Exotic Pet Medicine

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Emerging Infectious Diseases of Chelonians

Cited by 30 publications

References 35 publications

Epidemiology of Emydoidea Herpesvirus 1 in Free-Ranging Blanding's Turtles (Emydoidea Blandingii) From Illinois

Epidemiology of Emydoidea Herpesvirus 1 in Free-Ranging Blanding's Turtles (Emydoidea Blandingii) From Illinois

Population pharmacokinetics of ceftazidime after a single intramuscular injection in wild turtles

Mediterranean Tortoises

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