Emerging Immunotherapeutic and Diagnostic Modalities in Carcinoid Tumors

Abstract

Evasion of innate immunity represents a frequently employed method by which tumor cells survive and thrive. Previously, the development of immunotherapeutic agents capable of overcoming this evasion has realized pronounced clinical utility across a variety of cancer types. More recently, immunological strategies have been investigated as potentially viable therapeutic and diagnostic modalities in the management of carcinoid tumors. Classic treatment options for carcinoid tumors rely upon surgical resection or non-immune pharmacology. Though surgical intervention can be curative, tumor characteristics, such as size, location, and spread, heavily limit success. Non-immune pharmacologic treatments can be similarly limited, and many demonstrate problematic side effects. Immunotherapy may be able to overcome these limitations and further improve clinical outcomes. Similarly, emerging immunologic carcinoid biomarkers may improve diagnostic capabilities. Recent developments in immunotherapeutic and diagnostic modalities of carcinoid management are summarized here.

Systemic Alterations of Cancer Cells and Their Boost by Polyploidization: Unicellular Attractor (UCA) Model

“…The systemic nature of oncogenic alterations suggests the necessity in multi-target strategies against the unicellular genes whose expression is enhanced most drastically in cancer cells. The extracellular systemic alterations suppose an important role of immunotherapy (in combination with other treatments), which now achieved certain advancement [ 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 ]. The extracellular matrix “normalization” can also be proposed as a potential strategy for anti-malignant treatment [ 104 ].…”

Role of Flavonoids in Sepsis: Advances and Future Prospects

“…Furthermore, emerging immunotherapeutic modalities, including adoptive T cell transfer and cytokine-based therapies, offer novel avenues for bolstering T cell-mediated immune surveillance and combating sepsis-induced immune dysfunction (Jackie Oh et al, 2016;Napolitano, 2018;Vellani et al, 2023). However, comprehensive understanding of the complex interplay between T cell subsets, cytokine signaling pathways, and immunoregulatory networks in sepsis remains pivotal for the development of efficacious and targeted therapeutic interventions (Bhan et al, 2016;van der Poll et al, 2017;Y.…”