Emerging Human Metapneumovirus Gene Duplication Variants in Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Infection, China, 2017–2019

Xie, Zhibo; Xu, Jianping; Ren, Yudong; Cui, Ai‐Li; Wang, Huiling; Song, Jun‐Ho; Zhang, Qiang; Hu, Manli; Xu, Wenbo; Zhang, Yan

doi:10.3201/eid2701.201043

Cited by 13 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 14 publications

(22 reference statements)

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“…A similar frequency of hMPV coinfections (14.6%) has been reported in other countries [35]. However, several authors also reported a significantly higher proportion of hMPV coinfections -58 [36] and 63.9% [9]. hMPV infection in Bulgaria had a clear seasonality with the highest frequency of occurrence in winter and spring months, which was consistent with data from other countries with temperate climates [22,27,37].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Based on nucleotide sequence analysis of the F and G genes, hMPV is classified into 2 major genetic groups (A and B), and these are further divided into 4 major genotypes (A1, A2, B1, and B2) and 2 additional genotypes (A2a and A2b) [6]. Recently, 3 novel hMPV subtypes A2b1, A2b2, and A2c have been proposed [8,9]. In a particular season, viruses from these different genotypes can co-circulate within the same region as the predominant genotypes can vary annually.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Prevalence and Genetic Characterization of Human Metapneumovirus in Bulgaria, 2016–2019

Korsun¹,

Angelova²,

Trifonova³

et al. 2021

Intervirology

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Introduction: We investigated the prevalence of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) among patients with acute respiratory infections in Bulgaria, and performed genetic characterization of the F gene of these strains. Methods: Nasopharyngeal swabs collected from patients of a range of ages were tested by using real-time PCR for 12 respiratory viruses. The F gene was sequenced, and phylogenetic and amino acid analyses of the F gene/protein were performed. Results: A total of 1,842 patients were examined during a 3-year period; 1,229 patients (66.7%) were positive for at least one respiratory virus. hMPV was identified in 83 (4.5%) patient samples. Eleven (13%) of hMPV-positive patients were coinfected with another respiratory virus. The hMPV incidence rate in the 2016/2017, 2017/2018, and 2018/2019 winter seasons was 5.4, 5.4, and 3.1%, respectively. hMPV was mainly detected in specimens collected between January and May (89.2% of cases). The incidence of hMPV infection was highest (5.1%) among the youngest age-group (0–4 years), where hMPV was a causative agent in 8.1 and 4.8% of bronchiolitis and pneumonia cases, respectively. Among the patients aged ≥5 years, hMPV was detected in 2.2 and 3.2% of cases of pneumonia and central nervous system infections, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of the F gene showed that the sequenced hMPV strains belonged to the A2b, B1, and B2 genotypes. Numerous amino acid substitutions were identified compared with the NL00/1 prototype strain. Conclusion: This study revealed the significant role of hMPV as a causative agent of serious respiratory illnesses in early childhood, and also demonstrated year-to-year changes in hMPV prevalence and genetic diversity in circulating strains.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Prevalence and Genetic Characterization of Human Metapneumovirus in Bulgaria, 2016–2019

Korsun¹,

Angelova²,

Trifonova³

et al. 2021

Intervirology

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“…Because all 8 viruses for which sequences of the G gene could be obtained showed a111-nt duplication in the G gene, it may be considered likely that this variant has been responsible for most infections during the outbreak. This variant was first described in 2016 and has gradually become the dominating strain worldwide but is not the only circulating variant [5]. Some authors initially postulated that this strain may be more virulent [6]; however, in time, HMPV incidence has not changed significantly [3].…”

Section: Main Textmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This variant was first described in 2016 and has gradually become the dominating strain worldwide but is not the only circulating variant. 5 Some authors initially postulated that this strain may be more virulent; 6 however, in time, HMPV incidence has not changed significantly. 3 The cause of the unusual summer outbreak of HMPV infections is likely related to reopening of the society after a severe COVID-19 lockdown, thus enabling the spread of HMPV.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

An off-season outbreak of human metapneumovirus infections after ending of a COVID-19 lockdown

Kivit

Groen

Jongbloed

et al. 2022

Journal of Infection

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This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

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“…In 2006, Huck et al first described two distinct clades of A2 viruses, termed A2a and A2b [ 4 ]. Since then, A2b viruses have been shown to cluster in two main clades which have been referred to by different names: A2b1, the clade which includes older sequences and continues to be referred to as A2b by many authors and more recently as A2.2.1; and A2b2, the clade which encompasses most recently isolated viruses, including viruses with partial duplications of the G gene, which is referred to as A2c by many authors, but also referred to as Novel A2 sublineage/Unique A2 sublineage/Unique A2b sublineage and more recently A2.2.2 [ 3 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. Of interest, in 2017 HMPV strains with partial duplication of the G gene were described [ 7 , 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Extension and Predominance of Human Metapneumovirus A2 Genotype with Partial G Gene Duplication

Muñoz‐Escalante

Mata-Moreno

Rivera-Alfaro

et al. 2022

Viruses

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Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is an important respiratory pathogen and is divided in two main groups (A and B). HMPV strains with partial duplications (111-nt and 180-nt duplication) of the G gene have been reported in recent years. Since the initial reports, viruses with these characteristics have been reported in several countries. We analyzed all complete HMPV G gene ectodomain sequences available at GenBank to determine if viruses with 111-nt or 180-nt duplication have become the leading HMPV strains worldwide, and to describe their temporal and geographic distribution. We identified 1462 sequences that fulfilled study criteria (764 HMPV A and 698 HMPV B) reported from 37 countries. The most frequent HMPV A genotype was A2b2 (n = 366), and the most frequent B genotype was B2 (n = 374). A total of 84 sequences contained the 111-nt duplication, and 90 sequences contained the 180-nt duplication. Since 2016, viruses with a partial duplication comprise the most frequent HMPV A sequences globally and have displaced other HMPV A viruses in Asia, Europe, and South America; no sequences of viruses with partial duplication have been reported in North America or Africa so far. Continued surveillance of HMPV is required to identify the emergence and spread of epidemiologically relevant variants.

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Emerging Human Metapneumovirus Gene Duplication Variants in Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Infection, China, 2017–2019

Cited by 13 publications

References 14 publications

The Prevalence and Genetic Characterization of Human Metapneumovirus in Bulgaria, 2016–2019

The Prevalence and Genetic Characterization of Human Metapneumovirus in Bulgaria, 2016–2019

An off-season outbreak of human metapneumovirus infections after ending of a COVID-19 lockdown

Global Extension and Predominance of Human Metapneumovirus A2 Genotype with Partial G Gene Duplication

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