Emerging functions for plant MAP kinase phosphatases

Bartels, Sebastian; Besteiro, Marina A. González; Lang, Daniel; Ulm, Roman

doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2010.04.003

Cited by 97 publications

(104 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…Furthermore, tyrosine nitrated MAPKs were identified among proteins following ONOO -accumulation during the HR in Arabidopsis, although they were not explicitly named (67). The intensity and duration of activation of MAPKs are tightly controlled through the balance between phosphorylation and dephosphorylation (11,63). In Arabidopsis, MAPK phosphatase 2 (MKP2) is a dual specificity phosphotyrosine phosphatase (PTP) that targets oxidant-activated MAPK3 and MAPK6.…”

Section: Crosstalk Between Mapk Cascades and Ros And Nomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The phosphatase, MKP1, interacted with MAPK3, 4, and 6 in yeast-2-hybrid studies. However, in the mkp1 mutant, only MAPK6 activity was elevated, nevertheless, plants had high SA levels and were resistant to P. syringae infection (10,11). Arabidopsis PTP1 dephosphorylates and deactivates MAPK3 and MAPK6 (10,11).…”

Section: Crosstalk Between Mapk Cascades and Ros And Nomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, in the mkp1 mutant, only MAPK6 activity was elevated, nevertheless, plants had high SA levels and were resistant to P. syringae infection (10,11). Arabidopsis PTP1 dephosphorylates and deactivates MAPK3 and MAPK6 (10,11). In the mkp1 ptp1 double mutant, defense responses such as PR gene expression were enhanced indicating that PTP1 and MKP1 act as negative regulators of defense responses.…”

Section: Crosstalk Between Mapk Cascades and Ros And Nomentioning

confidence: 99%

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Redox Regulation in Plant Immune Function

Matika

Loake

2014

Antioxidants & Redox Signaling

119

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Significance: Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) occurs rapidly in response to attempted pathogen invasion of potential host plants. Such reduction-oxidation (redox) changes are sensed and transmitted to engage immune function, including the hypersensitive response, a programmed execution of challenged plant cells. Recent Advances: Pathogen elicitors trigger changes in calcium that are sensed by calmodulin, calmodulin-like proteins, and calcium-dependent protein kinases, which activate ROS and RNS production. The ROS and RNS production is compartmentalized within the cell and occurs through multiple routes. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are engaged upstream and downstream of ROS and nitric oxide (NO) production. NO is increasingly recognized as a key signaling molecule, regulating downstream protein function through S-nitrosylation, the addition of an NO moiety to a reactive cysteine thiol. Critical Issues: How multiple sources of ROS and RNS are coordinated is unclear. The putative protein sensors that detect and translate fluxes in ROS and RNS into differential gene expression are obscure. Protein tyrosine nitration following reaction of peroxynitrite with tyrosine residues has been proposed as another signaling mechanism or as a marker leading to protein degradation, but the reversibility remains to be established. Future Directions: Research is needed to identify the full spectrum of NO-modified proteins with special emphasis on redox-activated transcription factors and their cognate target genes. A systems approach will be required to uncover the complexities integral to redox regulation of MAPK cascades, transcription factors, and defense genes through the combined effects of calcium, phosphorylation, S-nitrosylation, and protein tyrosine nitration.

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Section: Crosstalk Between Mapk Cascades and Ros And Nomentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Crosstalk Between Mapk Cascades and Ros And Nomentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Crosstalk Between Mapk Cascades and Ros And Nomentioning

confidence: 99%

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Redox Regulation in Plant Immune Function

Matika

Loake

2014

Antioxidants & Redox Signaling

119

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“…In Arabidopsis, mitogen-activated protein kinases MPK3 and MPK6 are activated upon exposure to DNA-damaging agents, and the MPK3/ MPK6 cascade has been suggested to be a major pathway contributing to UV-B-induced DNA damage (González Besteiro and Ulm, 2013). MKP1 negatively regulates MAPK signaling by dephosphorylating the stress-activated MPK3 and MPK6 (Bartels et al, 2009(Bartels et al, , 2010. Therefore, mkp1 hypersensitivity to UV-B stress is associated with hyperactive MPK3 and MPK6 (González Besteiro et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Repression of Growth Regulating Factors by the MicroRNA396 Inhibits Cell Proliferation by UV-B Radiation in Arabidopsis Leaves

et al. 2013

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Because of their sessile lifestyle, plants are continuously exposed to solar UV-B radiation. Inhibition of leaf growth is one of the most consistent responses of plants upon exposure to UV-B radiation. In this work, we investigated the role of GROWTH-REGULATING FACTORs (GRFs) and of microRNA miR396 in UV-B-mediated inhibition of leaf growth in Arabidopsis thaliana plants. We demonstrate that miRNA396 is upregulated by UV-B radiation in proliferating tissues and that this induction is correlated with a decrease in GRF1, GRF2, and GRF3 transcripts. Induction of miR396 results in inhibition of cell proliferation, and this outcome is independent of the UV-B photoreceptor UV resistance locus 8, as well as ATM AND RAD3-RELATED and the mitogen-activated protein kinase MPK6, but is dependent on MPK3. Transgenic plants expressing an artificial target mimic directed against miR396 (MIM396) with a decrease in the endogenous microRNA activity or plants expressing miR396-resistant copies of several GRFs are less sensitive to this inhibition. Consequently, at intensities that can induce DNA damage in Arabidopsis plants, UV-B radiation limits leaf growth by inhibiting cell division in proliferating tissues, a process mediated by miR396 and GRFs.

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“…These dual-specificity phosphatases dephosphorylate both conserved Thr and Tyr residues of the MAPK activation loop, thereby fully inactivating the MAPKs (Camps et al, 2000;Luan, 2003;Bartels et al, 2010). MAPK PHOSPHATASE2 (MKP2) has been shown to interact functionally with MPK3 and MPK6, to positively regulate oxidative stress responses, and to exert differential functions in specific pathogen interactions (Lumbreras et al, 2010).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Phosphorylation of Arabidopsis MAP Kinase Phosphatase 1 (MKP1) Is Required for PAMP Responses and Resistance against Bacteria

et al. 2017

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Plants perceive potential pathogens via the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by surface-localized pattern recognition receptors, which initiates a series of intracellular responses that ultimately limit bacterial growth. PAMP responses include changes in intracellular protein phosphorylation, including the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades. MAP kinase phosphatases (MKPs), such as Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) MKP1, are important negative regulators of MAPKs and play a crucial role in controlling the intensity and duration of MAPK activation during innate immune signaling. As such, the mkp1 mutant lacking MKP1 displays enhanced PAMP responses and resistance against the virulent bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000. Previous in vitro studies showed that MKP1 can be phosphorylated and activated by MPK6, suggesting that phosphorylation may be an important mechanism for regulating MKP1. We found that MKP1 was phosphorylated during PAMP elicitation and that phosphorylation stabilized the protein, resulting in protein accumulation after elicitation. MKP1 also can be stabilized by the proteasome inhibitor MG132, suggesting that MKP1 is constitutively degraded through the proteasome in the resting state. In addition, we investigated the role of MKP1 posttranslational regulation in plant defense by testing whether phenotypes of the mkp1 Arabidopsis mutant could be complemented by expressing phosphorylation site mutations of MKP1. The phosphorylation of MKP1 was found to be required for some, but not all, of MKP1's functions in PAMP responses and defense against bacteria. Together, our results provide insight into the roles of phosphorylation in the regulation of MKP1 during PAMP signaling and resistance to bacteria.

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Emerging functions for plant MAP kinase phosphatases

Cited by 97 publications

References 73 publications

Redox Regulation in Plant Immune Function

Redox Regulation in Plant Immune Function

Repression of Growth Regulating Factors by the MicroRNA396 Inhibits Cell Proliferation by UV-B Radiation in Arabidopsis Leaves

Phosphorylation of Arabidopsis MAP Kinase Phosphatase 1 (MKP1) Is Required for PAMP Responses and Resistance against Bacteria

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