Emerging flavobacterial infections in fish: A review

Abstract

Graphical abstract

Gamete-associated flavobacteria of the oviparous Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in lakes Michigan and Huron, North America

“…(e.g., F. psychrophilum, F. columnare, and F. branchiophilum); however, there are increasing reports of systemic disease outbreaks in farmed and wild salmonids that involve previously undescribed Flavobacterium spp., as well as novel species within the closely related genus Chryseobacterium (Family Flavobacteriaceae). As a result, concerns surrounding these novel pathogens have been raised, particularly in parts of the world where salmonids are being propagated and where the vast majority of these disease outbreaks have been reported (Loch and Faisal, 2015a).…”

First analysis by MALDI‐TOF MS technique of Chryseobacterium species relevant to aquaculture

“…The genus Chryseobacterium genus contains more than 80 validly published species (http://www.bacterio.net), which have been isolated from a wide variety of environments (Cho et al., ; Du et al., ; Kämpfer, Dreyer, Neef, Dott, & Busse, ; Loch & Faisal, ). Most species are saprophytic but some others are pathogenic to humans and animals.…”

“…Most species are saprophytic but some others are pathogenic to humans and animals. In veterinary medicine, members of Chryseobacterium are not relevant pathogens for domestic animal species, although they have been associated with diseases in fish (Loch & Faisal, ) being considered of emerging clinical significance in aquaculture (Bernardet et al., ; Loch & Faisal, ; Zamora, ). In addition to Chryseobacterium balustinum, Chryseobacterium scophthalmum and Chryseobacterium joostei, an increasing number of species, have been isolated from diseased fish of commercial interest in the last years (de Beer et al., ; Ilardi, Fernández, & Avendaño‐Herrera, ; Kämpfer, Fallschissel, & Avendaño‐Herrera, ; Pridgeon, Klesius, & García, ; Zamora, Vela, Palacios, Domínguez, & Fernández‐Garayzábal, ; Zamora, Vela, Palacios, Sánchez‐Porro, Moore, et al., ; Zamora, Fernández‐Garayzábal, et al., ; Zamora, Vela, Palacios, Sánchez‐Porro, Svensson‐Stadler, et al., ).…”

First isolation of Flavobacterium psychrophilum associated with reports of moribund wild European eel (Anguilla anguilla) in Scotland

“…Flavobacterium psychrophilum is the causative agent of the systemic infections known as cold water disease, low‐temperature disease, peduncle disease or rainbow trout fry syndrome (RTFS) in salmonids (Loch & Faisal, ; Roberts, ; Starliper, ). This disease generally occurs at low water temperatures, and in salmonids, the disease is characterized by skin erosion and ulcerations, darkening pigmentation, fin and gill rot (Loch & Faisal, ; Starliper, ). Juvenile fish or fish recovering from infection may show nervous manifestations such as spiral movements and erratic swimming behaviour (Kent, Groff, Morrison, Yasutake, & Holt, ; Roberts, ; Starliper, ).…”