Emerging ethnic wage gap: Estonia during political and economic transition

Leping, Kristian-Olari; Toomet, Ott

doi:10.1016/j.jce.2008.08.002

Cited by 60 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Economic studies of average wage earnings suggest that, even controlling for geographical segregations, levels of education, and language skills, non-Latvians and non-Estonians face an 'ethnic wage gap' (Leping & Toomet 2008). For Estonia the mean wage was found to be as much as 10-15% higher for Estonian workers than non-Estonians.…”

Section: Socio-economics and Russophone Identitymentioning

confidence: 96%

Identity and Integration of Russian Speakers in the Baltic States: A Framework for Analysis

Cheskin

2014

Ethnopolitics

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Abstract:Following a review of current scholarship on identity and integration patterns of Russian speakers in the Baltic states, this article proposes an analytical framework to help understand current trends. Rogers Brubaker's widely-employed triadic nexus is expanded to demonstrate why a form of Russian-speaking identity has been emerging, but has failed to become fully consolidated, and why significant integration has occurred structurally but not identificationally. By enumerating the subfields of political, economic, and cultural 'stances' and 'representations' the model helps to understand the complicated integration processes of minority groups that possess complex relationships with 'external homelands', 'nationalizing states' and 'international organizations'. Ultimately, it is argued that socio-economic factors largely reduce the capacity for a consolidated identity; political factors have a moderate tendency to reduce this capacity; while cultural factors generally increase the potential for a consolidated group identity.

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Section: Socio-economics and Russophone Identitymentioning

confidence: 96%

Identity and Integration of Russian Speakers in the Baltic States: A Framework for Analysis

Cheskin

2014

Ethnopolitics

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“…There is no direct evidence of ethnic discrimination. However, substantial ethnic income disparities arose (and still persist) around the time of the collapse of the Communist Bloc (Leping and Toomet, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Learn English, Not the Local Language! Ethnic Russians in the Baltic States

Toomet

2011

American Economic Review

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This paper analyzes the return to dominant language fluency for ethnic Russians in the Baltic States. We look at male workers using Estonian Labor Force Survey for years 2000-2010 and the 1998 wave of a panel of high-school graduates of 1982. The results indicate that the ethnic Russian men enjoy little income premium on their skills of the dominant language. We identify positive returns only in the low end of the income distribution and in public administration sector. Surprisingly, the returns to English fluency are far larger. These outcomes point toward segregation and discrimination at the upper-end hiring.

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“…For example, Altonji and Blank (1999) report that blacks earn 21% lower hourly wages compared to whites in the United States in 1995. Similar wage gaps also characterize a large number of other groups, for instance whites and Hispanics in the U.S. (Altonji and Blank, 1999), Blacks and Pakistanis in the U.K. (Blackaby, Leslie, Murphy, and O'Leary, 2005), Russians and Estonians in Estonia (Leping and Toomet, 2008), Serbians and Albanians in Kosovo (Bhumaik, Gang, and Yun, 2006), and Turks and Bulgarians in Bulgaria (Giddings, 2002). Current treatments of the systematic difference in minority-majority wages focus on the personal characteristics of minority employees (i.e., education, job-related training, etc, see Altonji and Blank (1999) for a review), with employer discrimination assumed to drive the residual wage gap.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…For example, the capital Tallinn has a Russian minority of around 40%, but none of the neighborhoods has a Russian population of more than 75% (Toomet, Silm, Saluveer, Tammaru, and Ahas, 2012). More striking evidence against the residential segregation thesis, however, comes from the swift emergence of a wage gap shortly after Estonian independence in 1991 (Leping and Toomet, 2008). No wage gap existed prior to 1991, and it is unlikely that segregation increased rapidly enough after 1991 to have played a major role in the initial emergence of a wage gap during the early 1990s.…”

Section: Residential Segregationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social networks and labor market inequality between ethnicities and races

2013

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Social networks and labor market inequality between ethnicities and racesToomet, O.; van der Leij, M.J.; Rolfe, M. Link to publication General rightsIt is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulationsIf you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: http://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. Abstract This paper analyzes the relationship between unexplained racial/ethnic wage differentials on the one hand and social network segregation, as measured by inbreeding homophily, on the other hand. Our analysis is based on both U.S. and Estonian surveys, supplemented with Estonian telephone communication data. In case of Estonia we consider the regional variation in economic performance of the Russian minority, and in the U.S. case we consider the regional variation in black-white differentials. Our analysis finds a strong relationship between the size of the differential and network segregation: regions with more segregated social networks exhibit larger unexplained wage gaps.JEL codes: J71, J31, Z13

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Emerging ethnic wage gap: Estonia during political and economic transition

Cited by 60 publications

References 45 publications

Identity and Integration of Russian Speakers in the Baltic States: A Framework for Analysis

Identity and Integration of Russian Speakers in the Baltic States: A Framework for Analysis

Learn English, Not the Local Language! Ethnic Russians in the Baltic States

Social networks and labor market inequality between ethnicities and races

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