“…Scholars working in cross-disciplinary areas of health study are increasingly pointing towards the ways in which modern lifestyles create vulnerabilities to disease, amplifying or enabling microorgansims’ pathogenicity. This includes ‘disease situations’ that stress immune systems and turn otherwise harmless microbes into pathogens; evolutionary perspectives that suggest the pathogens best able to exploit human behaviours and global networks in any given age will arise to cause pandemics; and warnings regarding the impacts of socioeconomic inequality, and the degradation of healthcare systems due to conflict, war and corruption ( Bingham et al, 2008 , Cole, 2014 , Dikid et al, 2013 , Green, 2020 , Hinchliffe et al, 2016 , Hotez, 2020 , Hotez et al, 2016 ). The consequences are a world where infectious disease is likely to become more prevalent and harder to control with the medical interventions we came to rely on throughout the twentieth century: both because it will take time to develop vaccines against the novel diseases – which have emerged with increasing frequency in recent decades – and because diseases with which we are already familiar are developing resistance to the drugs we have so far used to hold them at bay ( Madhav et al, 2020 , Morens et al, 2004 , Trovato et al, 2020 ).…”