Emerging Diseases and Diseases of Complex or Unknown Etiology

Saif, Y. M.; Swayne, David E.; Pantin‐Jackwood, Mary J.; Spackman, Erica; Johnson, Timothy J.; Day, J. Michael; French, D. W.; Gingerich, Eric; Bilgili, S. F.; Jones, K D; Boggan, George; Markis, Milos

doi:10.1002/9781119371199.ch33

Cited by 16 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 228 publications

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“…Broilers subject to 42 d blood draw were immediately euthanized and evaluated for bursal meter score (BSM, 1–9), tibial dyschondroplasia (TD, 0–3), and presence or absence of burned feed (BF), femoral head necrosis (FH), and thymus atrophy (Thymus) ( Saif et al., 2008a , 2008b ). Carcasses rested for 4 h to allow resolution of rigor then evaluated for white striping (WS) and wooden breast (WB) myopathic scores on a 1–4 point scale ( Matthew L Livingston et al., 2019 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of broiler genetics, age, and gender on performance and blood chemistry

Livingston¹,

Cowieson

Crespo

et al. 2020

Heliyon

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A total of 640 broilers were used to determine the effects of strain, sex, and age on hematology and blood chemistry using rapid detection devices. Day old chicks from two genetic lines of common fast-growing and high-yield broiler strains were sexed and allocated to 40 pens (16 birds per pen) containing either male or female and Ross or Cobb strains (n = 10). Venous blood was analyzed weekly using 2 broilers from each pen (n = 20) using the i-STAT® Alinity Handheld Clinical Analyzer, Zoetis Vetscan VS2, and iCheck™ Carotene devices at 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 d, as well as growth performance. Post-mortem health tracking metrics were also recorded on 42 d. Broilers were deemed healthy based on posting data results and performed in accordance with industry standards with males presenting greater BW and reduced FCR than female broilers. Ross broilers displayed greater BW to 14 d with similar FCR compared with Cobb birds. Day of age had a highly significant impact on blood calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chloride, carotene, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, bile acids, uric acid, total protein, albumin, globulin, total carbon dioxide, hematocrit, and malondialdehyde. Male broilers had reduced blood sodium, chloride, carotene, uric acid, albumin, and increased total protein, glucose, and total carbon dioxide. Ross broilers had greater blood potassium, and sodium, as well as reduced uric acid, total protein, globulin, and malondialdehyde, compared with Cobb birds. These results demonstrated the effectiveness of point-of-care devices in measuring blood chemistry and hematology in modern broilers. These data can be utilized to determine normal healthy blood ranges in these types of broilers when accounting for strain, sex, and age.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of broiler genetics, age, and gender on performance and blood chemistry

Livingston¹,

Cowieson

Crespo

et al. 2020

Heliyon

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“…There is concern amongst poultry veterinarians and industry experts that this growing trend will increase the occurrence of diseases in the poultry industry. Wild birds are known to harbor a number of bacterial, fungal, viral and parasitic diseases that can be transmitted to poultry, and free-range production may increase the potential for diseases to transfer from wildlife to poultry when poultry will have access to the outdoors [ 10 , 14 ]. Of particular concern to the Australian poultry industry is the avian influenza (AI) virus [ 7 , 10 , 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biosecurity practices on Australian commercial layer and meat chicken farms: Performance and perceptions of farmers

et al. 2018

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This paper describes the level of adoption of biosecurity practices performed on Australian commercial chicken meat and layer farms and farmer-perceived importance of these practices. On-farm interviews were conducted on 25 free range layer farms, nine cage layer farms, nine barn layer farms, six free range meat chicken farms and 15 barn meat chicken farms in the Sydney basin bioregion and South East Queensland. There was a high level of treatment of drinking water across all farm types; town water was the most common source. In general, meat chicken farms had a higher level of adoption of biosecurity practices than layer farms. Cage layer farms had the shortest median distance between sheds (7.75m) and between sheds and waterbodies (30m). Equipment sharing between sheds was performed on 43% of free range meat chicken farms compared to 92% of free range layer farms. There was little disinfection of this shared equipment across all farm types. Footbaths and visitor recording books were used by the majority of farms for all farm types except cage layer farms (25%). Wild birds in sheds were most commonly reported in free range meat chicken farms (73%). Dogs and cats were kept across all farm types, from 56% of barn layer farms to 89% of cage layer farms, and they had access to the sheds in the majority (67%) of cage layer farms and on the range in some free range layer farms (44%). Most biosecurity practices were rated on average as ‘very important’ by farmers. A logistic regression analysis revealed that for most biosecurity practices, performing a practice was significantly associated with higher perceived farmer importance of that biosecurity practice. These findings help identify farm types and certain biosecurity practices with low adoption levels. This information can aid decision-making on efforts used to improve adoption levels.

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“…Clinical manifestations vary from diarrhea (3-4 days after infection), to runting-stunting syndrome (6-12 days post-hatch), to weak and runted chicks in cases of hatchery disease or WCS, and to death, as a result of nephropathy and visceral gout, or in severe cases of WCS (10-12, 14, 31, 38). In a breeder flock, the clinical symptom is characterized by decreased production and hatchability, or mid-to-late dead-in-shell embryo (14,26,28,38).…”

Section: Chicken Astrovirus (Castv) Associated Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, kidney disease has also been observed in chickens with WCS in addition to the lesions seen on the feathers, intestine, and liver (4,5,14,26,38). The WCS was first recognized in the mid-1980s in Norway, Finland, Sweden, the US, and Canada (38,45), with several cases documented in 2016 in Canada, Poland, Brazil, and the US (5,40,45,46).…”

Section: Chicken Astrovirus (Castv) Associated Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because the digestive system relies on cellular tight junctions to demarcate the lumen from the basal lamina, a loss of integrity increases water, solute, and ion movements through compartments, limiting the intestine's reabsorption capability and thus resulting in diarrhea (25). Furthermore, extra-intestinal astrovirus-related conditions have been reported in chickens, animals, and humans (11,12,26,27), which could have stemmed from increased intestinal permeability. In addition, astroviruses, even while not replicating, exacerbate the permeability of renal epithelial cells (28).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Pathogenesis of Chicken Astrovirus Related Illnesses

Raji

Omar

2022

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Of the several known viruses, chicken astrovirus (CAstV) has been associated with diarrhea, runting-stunting syndrome, severe kidney disease, and gout, and white chick syndrome (WCS) in young broiler chicks. Discovered in 2004, CAstV consists of two genogroups with an expanding subgroup because of the diversity exhibited in its viral capsid sequence. Despite these findings, there exists a dearth of knowledge on its pathogenesis. This review highlights the pathogenesis and development of in vivo and in vitro models.

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Emerging Diseases and Diseases of Complex or Unknown Etiology

Cited by 16 publications

References 228 publications

Effect of broiler genetics, age, and gender on performance and blood chemistry

Effect of broiler genetics, age, and gender on performance and blood chemistry

Biosecurity practices on Australian commercial layer and meat chicken farms: Performance and perceptions of farmers

Pathogenesis of Chicken Astrovirus Related Illnesses

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