Emerging Delivery Strategies of Platelet-Rich Plasma with Hydrogels for Wound Healing

Abstract

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP), a platelet-rich plasma concentrate obtained from whole blood, has been widely used to treat wounds due to its high contents of growth factors that can not only play a role in the hemostasis, repair, and anti-infection of wounds but also promote cell proliferation, maturation, and angiogenesis. However, after PRP activation, its clinical effect was limited because of burst and uncontrolled release of growth factors and poor mechanical properties of PRP gels. In recent years, increasing attention has been moved to the loading and sustained release of growth factors in PRP by polymeric carriers. Hydrogels, as an interesting carrier, enable controlled delivery of growth factors by structural designs. Moreover, using hydrogels to encapsulate PRP is favorable to controlling the mechanical properties and water maintenance of PRP gels, which can provide a stable and moist wound repair environment to promote coordinated operations of skin tissue cells and cytokines as well as wound healing. In this review, the state of the art of hydrogels that have been used to load PRP for wound treatments is introduced, and further prospects in the research area are proposed.

Biomimetic mineralization of platelet lysate/oxidized dextran cryogel as a macroporous 3D composite scaffold for bone repair

“…PRP gel (or fibrin gel) is usually obtained by mixing liquid PRP with exogenous activators such as thrombin, calcium salts, ascorbic acid, batroxobin or collagen [28]. The main limitation of PRP gels is that they do not have sufficient mechanical strength and stability [29].…”

Effectiveness of Chitosan-Based 0.5% Tetracycline Gel and Freeze-Dried Platelet-Rich Plasma on Post-Periodontal Surgery Healing: Clinical and Immunohistochemical Evaluation

“…The facilitation mechanisms of FGF-2 in periodontal regeneration demonstrated in vivo include (1) accelerating and increasing the proliferation of fibroblastic cells originating from the bone marrow and periodontal ligament for the formation of new tissue, (2) increasing angiogenesis, and (3) triggering expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) to facilitate osteoblastic differentiation and bone formation [41]. This shows that during the early stages of periodontal tissue regeneration, FGF-2 increases the number of fibroblastic cells, supports angiogenesis, stimulates the growth of chondrocytes and osteoblasts and collagenase expression [41,42]. after periodontal surgery can reduce BoP and PD and significantly increase FGF-2 expression on days 3 and 14.…”

Engineering a platelet-rich plasma-based multifunctional injectable hydrogel with photothermal, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties for skin regeneration

“…A full-thickness defect model was used to assess the healing efficiency of the hydrogels. 52,53 In brief, all rats were randomly divided into 9 groups: control, Alfa (available in the market), AGC, AGC–PPP, AGC–PRP, AGC–PPP–PDA (−NIR), AGC–PRP–PDA (−NIR), AGC–PPP–PDA (+NIR), and AGC–PRP–PDA (+NIR). The rats (male, 180 g) were anesthetized using ketamine/xylazine (6 : 4, v/v), and then 10 mm diameter full-thickness skin round wounds were created after shaving on the dorsal area of the rats.…”