“…As urine is in direct contact with the inner part of the bladder, cells from the epithelium, including scammed cells from bladder tumors, can exfoliate and be detected in urine and used to evaluate and monitor the presence of neoplasia in a noninvasive approach (Botezatu et al, 2000;Zwarthoff, 2008;Ralla et al, 2014;Critelli et al, 2016;Togneri et al, 2016). Over the years, many different noninvasive assays have been developed in order to search genetic and protein alterations known to be involved in the development, progression, and recurrence of bladder cancer, both in serum and urine samples, with the purpose to diagnose and monitor bladder cancer (Soloway et al, 1996;Fradet and Lockhard, 1997;Pode et al, 1999;Kruger et al, 2003;Tetu et al, 2005;Moonen et al, 2007;Halling and Kipp, 2008;Serizawa et al, 2011;Goodison et al, 2012;Kinde et al, 2012;Kinde et al, 2013;Allory et al, 2014;Bansal et al, 2014;Hurst et al, 2014;Ralla et al, 2014;Wang et al, 2014;Ellinger et al, 2015;Yafi et al, 2015;Springer et al, 2018;Miyake et al, 2018). Some of these tests presented values of sensitivity and specificity higher than urinary cytology and achieved FDA approval for bladder cancer diagnosis.…”