Emerging Biomarkers for Screening and Management of Celiac Disease

Abstract

Celiac disease (CeD) is a chronic, immune-mediated enteropathy that is precipitated by dietary gluten in genetically predisposed individuals expressing HLA-DQ2 and/or HLA-DQ8. In the current clinical practice, there are many serologic studies to aid in the diagnosis of CeD which include autoantibodies like IgA antitissue transglutaminase, antiendomysium, and antideamidated forms of gliadin peptide antibodies. Small intestinal biopsy has long been considered an essential step for the diagnosis of CeD. However, in the recent era, researchers have explored the possibility of CeD screening and diagnosis without endoscopy or biopsy. The newer emerging biomarkers of CeD appear promising in diagnostic evaluation and subsequent monitoring of disease. In this review of literature, we have explored the emerging biomarker-based diagnostic evaluation and monitoring of CeD.

Update on the Pathogenesis of Enteropathy-Associated T-Cell Lymphoma

“…As there is a link between EATL and coeliac disease (CD), the pathogenesis of CD will first be briefly outlined. CD is an autoimmune disease of the small intestine caused by exposure to gluten in a genetically susceptible individual [ 5 ]. Gluten, which is the protein component of grains such as wheat, rye, and barley, is the trigger of CD [ 5 ].…”

“…CD is an autoimmune disease of the small intestine caused by exposure to gluten in a genetically susceptible individual [ 5 ]. Gluten, which is the protein component of grains such as wheat, rye, and barley, is the trigger of CD [ 5 ]. CD presents with signs and symptoms of malabsorption, such as chronic recurrent diarrhea, steatorrhea, abdominal pain, abdominal distention, and unexplained weight loss [ 5 ].…”

“…Gluten, which is the protein component of grains such as wheat, rye, and barley, is the trigger of CD [ 5 ]. CD presents with signs and symptoms of malabsorption, such as chronic recurrent diarrhea, steatorrhea, abdominal pain, abdominal distention, and unexplained weight loss [ 5 ]. These are classical symptoms, but studies have shown that many patients present atypically with symptoms of anemia and/or complications such as small intestinal ulceration/haemorrhage ( Figure 1 A) [ 5 ].…”

“…CD presents with signs and symptoms of malabsorption, such as chronic recurrent diarrhea, steatorrhea, abdominal pain, abdominal distention, and unexplained weight loss [ 5 ]. These are classical symptoms, but studies have shown that many patients present atypically with symptoms of anemia and/or complications such as small intestinal ulceration/haemorrhage ( Figure 1 A) [ 5 ]. The genetically predisposing factors most extensively studied in CD patients are HLA-DQ2 and/or HLA-DQ8, which are identified in almost 90–95% of patients.…”

Presentation and Patterns of Celiac Disease in Indian Subcontinent: A Literature Review

“…Detection of antibodies in saliva and stool samples can be done and being non-invasive they are easier to obtain. However, the sensitivity is poor hence cannot be used for routine practice 50 . Citrulline, a non-essential amino acid (Aa) is produced from enterocytes of the proximal part of the small intestine.…”