Emerging bacterial zoonotic and vector-borne diseases. Ecological and epidemiological factors

Walker, David H.; Barbour, Alan G.; Oliver, James H.; Lane, Robert S.; Dumler, J. Stephen; Dennis, David T.; Persing, David H.; Azad, Abdu F.; McSweegan, Edward

doi:10.1001/jama.275.6.463

Cited by 71 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…Lyme disease (borreliosis), ehrlichiosis, and bartonellosis are emerging diseases in the USA that are all caused by bacteria that naturally reside in both animal and arthropod hosts [113]. Lyme disease has not been described as disproportionately affecting the immunocompromised, although this population can be severely affected by other tickborne diseases.…”

Section: Vector-borne Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The number of ehrlichial species infecting humans and animals has increased in the past several decades [70]. Elderly patients infected with Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) [35], are more likely to have severe disease, which typically presents with influenza-like symptoms with variable degrees of anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, and elevated liver enzymes [113]. HGE has been reported in pancreas transplant recipients [105].…”

Section: Vector-borne Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Important emerging bacterial zoonotic infections affecting the immunocompromised

2005

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-The immunocompromised are at particular risk for infection with zoonotic diseases. Persons can be temporarily immunocompromised due to pregnancy or developmental stage (i.e. infants); longer-term or permanent states of immunosuppression can occur as a result of immunosuppressive treatment following cancer or organ transplant, or from infectious diseases, such as AIDS. The focus of this review article is on emerging bacterial zoonotic diseases that are of particular concern among the immunocompromised. Factors that affect disease emergence can include factors such as human demographics and behavior; technology and industry; economic development and land use; international travel and commerce; microbial adaptation and change; and breakdown of public health measures. The immunocompromised need to take precautions when engaging in seemingly normal activities such as food preparation; caring for companion animals; and recreational or occupational activities. The immunocompromised are not only more susceptible to infection, but often suffer more serious sequelae as a result of infection. This review article provides an overview of the major foodborne, respiratory, and vector-borne bacterial pathogens that affect the immunocompromised. The major categories of immunodeficiency are described. In addition, measures that can be taken to prevent infection, including the role of health education, are discussed.

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Section: Vector-borne Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Vector-borne Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Important emerging bacterial zoonotic infections affecting the immunocompromised

2005

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“…[19][20][21] Small mammals are the primary reservoir for A. phagocytophilum , and the vectors Ixodes scapularis (black-legged or deer tick) and Ixodes pacificus (western black-legged tick) maintain A. phagocytophilum prevalence primarily in the northeastern, the upper midwestern, and the Pacific coast regions. 16,17,22,23 Previous surveillance summaries found most cases reported within these areas. 12,13 In 2000, the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) published surveillance case definitions for infection by E. chaffeensis and A. phagocytophilum .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…[14][15][16] The intersection of the vector and the reservoir of E. chaffeensis occurs largely in the southeastern and south-central United States. 17,18 Ehrlichia ewingii may be maintained in a similar enzootic cycle, with deer and domestic dogs proposed as possible reservoir species. [19][20][21] Small mammals are the primary reservoir for A. phagocytophilum , and the vectors Ixodes scapularis (black-legged or deer tick) and Ixodes pacificus (western black-legged tick) maintain A. phagocytophilum prevalence primarily in the northeastern, the upper midwestern, and the Pacific coast regions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing Incidence of Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in the United States, 2000–2007

Dahlgren¹,

Mandel²,

Krebs³

et al. 2011

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

181

153

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Abstract. Ehrlichia chaffeensis causes human monocytic ehrlichiosis, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis. These related tick-borne rickettsial organisms can cause severe and fatal illness. During 2000-2007, the reported incidence rate of E. chaffeensis increased from 0.80 to 3.0 cases/million persons/year. The case-fatality rate was 1.9%, and the hospitalization rate was 49%. During 2000-2007, the reported incidence of A. phagocytophilum increased from 1.4 to 3.0 cases/million persons/year. The case-fatality rate was 0.6%, and the hospitalization rate was 36%. Rates among female patients were lower than among male patients for ehrlichiosis (rate ratio = 0.68) and anaplasmosis (rate ratio = 0.70). Most (80%) ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis cases met only a probable case definition, although, use of a polymerase chain reaction to confirm infections increased during [2000][2001][2002][2003][2004][2005][2006][2007]. Heightened reporting of these diseases will likely continue with improving recognition, changing surveillance practices, and appropriate application of diagnostic assays.

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“…However, over the last thirty to twenty years we have been observing the emergence or reemergence of several bacterial zoonoses [8,56]. In most cases, these diseases are the ones that humans have contracted either when ingesting contaminated foods or by exposing themselves to wild bacterial reservoirs or their vectors.…”

Section: Historical Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging or re-emerging bacterial zoonoses: factors of emergence, surveillance and control

Blancou

Chomel²,

Belotto

et al. 2005

Vet. Res.

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-Surveillance and control of emerging bacterial zoonoses is essential in order to prevent both human and animal deaths and to avoid potential economic disorders created by trade barriers or a ban on free circulation of human or animal populations. An increased risk of exposition to zoonotic agents, the breakdown of the host's defenses, the emergence of bacterial strains resistant to antibiotics and their widespread distribution as well as conjunctural causes associated with the action or inaction of man have been identified as the main factors leading to the emergence or reemergence of bacterial zoonoses. After an in-depth review of these various factors, the present manuscript reviews the main components of detection and surveillance of emerging or re-emerging bacterial zoonoses. A description of the systems of control and the main obstacles to their success is also presented. Detection and surveillance of emerging zoonoses have greatly benefited from technical progress in diagnostics. The success of detection and control of emerging bacterial zoonoses is largely based on international solidarity and cooperation between countries.emerging bacterial zoonoses / control / surveillance / factors of emergence

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Emerging bacterial zoonotic and vector-borne diseases. Ecological and epidemiological factors

Cited by 71 publications

References 77 publications

Important emerging bacterial zoonotic infections affecting the immunocompromised

Important emerging bacterial zoonotic infections affecting the immunocompromised

Increasing Incidence of Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in the United States, 2000–2007

Emerging or re-emerging bacterial zoonoses: factors of emergence, surveillance and control

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