Emerging applications of nanotechnology in context to immunology: A comprehensive review

Abstract

Numerous benefits of nanotechnology are available in many scientific domains. In this sense, nanoparticles serve as the fundamental foundation of nanotechnology. Recent developments in nanotechnology have demonstrated that nanoparticles have enormous promise for use in almost every field of life sciences. Nanoscience and nanotechnology use the distinctive characteristics of tiny nanoparticles (NPs) for various purposes in electronics, fabrics, cosmetics, biopharmaceutical industries, and medicines. The exclusive physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of nanoparticles prompt different immune responses in the body. Nanoparticles are believed to have strong potential for the development of advanced adjuvants, cytokines, vaccines, drugs, immunotherapies, and theranostic applications for the treatment of targeted bacterial, fungal, viral, and allergic diseases and removal of the tumor with minimal toxicity as compared to macro and microstructures. This review highlights the medical and non-medical applications with a detailed discussion on enhanced and targeted natural and acquired immunity against pathogens provoked by nanoparticles. The immunological aspects of the nanotechnology field are beyond the scope of this Review. However, we provide updated data that will explore novel theragnostic immunological applications of nanotechnology for better and immediate treatment.

Impact of the TLR4 agonist BECC438 on a novel vaccine formulation against Shigella spp.

“…Fecal pellets and 100 μl blood obtained by the orbital sinus route were collected on Days 27, 41, and 55. Anti-IpaD and -IpaB IgG and IgA titers were determined as previously described with minor modifications ( 23 ). Briefly, microtiter plate wells were coated with 100 ng IpaB or IpaD in 100 µl PBS and incubated at 37°C for 3 h. Wells were blocked with 10% nonfat dry milk in PBS overnight.…”

“…Studies have shown a better response is elicited in humans when the antigen is presented as a multimer in the context of a nanoparticle ( 21 , 22 ). There are nanoparticle formulations currently being tested for use in intramuscular and intranasal vaccines ( 23 – 25 ). The most well-known multimerization method is the use of aluminum salts such as Alhydrogel; however, aluminum salts tend to skew the resulting immunity to a Th2 response, which is more aligned with the humoral response and not the balanced responses often required for clearing mucosal pathogens ( 26 ).…”

A comprehensive review on the biomedical frontiers of nanowire applications

“…However, its lethal oxidation problem and lack of biological compatibility sometimes outweigh its benefits [ 500 ]. A substance created by biogeochemical processes spontaneously, free from human intervention, is referred to as a natural nanomaterial [ 501 ]. The detection of H2O2 in pharmaceutical, food, clinical, industrial, and environmental assessments could be facilitated by the bonding ability and biocompatibility of Se nanomaterial crystals with the HRP (horseradish peroxidase) biosensor [ 502 ].…”

“…This Review does not address the immunological aspects of nanotechnology. To improve and expedite treatment, we do, however, offer updated data that will investigate new theragnostic immunological applications of nanotechnology [ 507 ]. Even though cytotoxic chemicals are thought to have immunosuppressive effects, accumulating data indicates that certain cytotoxic substances may successfully activate the immune response against tumors by causing a particular kind of apoptosis known as immunogenic cell death (ICD).…”

“…These systems function as biological metamaterials, evoking peculiar biological reactions, thanks to the meticulous engineering of their nanoscale structure [ 565 ]. To enhance the biological function, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance of implants, a variety of surface modification techniques have been employed [ 566 ].…”