Emerging Agents for the Therapy of Advanced Prostate Cancer

Abstract

Since 2010, multiple advances have been made in the field of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer including regulatory approvals for five new agents including androgen pathway inhibitors (enzalutamide, abiraterone acetate), immunotherapy (sipuleucel-T), cytotoxic chemotherapy (cabazitaxel) and radiopharmaceuticals (radium-223) that have improved overall survival in this patient population. Despite these advances, each therapy has only extended median survival by 3-5 months and data suggest substantial cross-resistance among them. Given these modest increments, there is a major role for the vigorous investigation of new drugs and predictive biomarkers to select suitable patients who will benefit from them. This review describes emerging promising agents and their ongoing clinical development.

The Prostate Cancer Cells Resistant to Docetaxel as in vitro Model for Discovering MicroRNAs Predictive of the Onset of Docetaxel Resistance

“…Unfortunately, the DCT therapy frequently favors the development of DCT resistance in metastatic CRPC patients [ 2 ]. Hence, the discovery of biomarkers that indicate in advance the onset of DCT resistance could allow the early switch to other effective treatment options such as abiraterone acetate and enzalutamide [ 10 , 11 ]. While the detection of circulating miRNAs (c-miRNAs) in tumor patients is widely applied in clinical research [ 12 , 13 , 14 ], the detection of c-miRNAs in cancer patients under medical treatment is under-investigated, especially in PCa patients as confirmed by the poor availability of published data.…”

Current status of clinical trials assessing oncolytic virus therapy for urological cancers

“…Docetaxel has become an established second‐line treatment for such castration‐resistant prostate cancer during the past decade, and newer agents, including enzalutamide, abiraterone acetate, sipuleucel‐T, cabazitaxel and radium‐223, have also recently been successively launched. However, despite their survival benefits, these therapies only extended the median survival by 3–5 months, and substantial cross‐resistance among them has also been reported . The development of therapies with non‐conventional approaches is thus still required.…”

Prostate cancer immunotherapy, particularly in combination with androgen deprivation or radiation treatment. Customized pharmacogenomic approaches to overcome immunotherapy cancer resistance

“…Also the α-emitter Radium-223 (²²³ Ra) use is for ages involved in the treatment of bone mCRPC, sometimes togheter with immunotherapy approaches (85).…”