“…110 In the prevention of colitis, COS can also replace HMOs to play a role in the function, COS can also effectively prevent experimental colitis in vivo . Chitosan significantly regulates IL-6 and TNF-a signaling pathways 111 in the gut Oral COS protects the integrity of the gut epithelial barrier through antioxidant and anti-apoptotic mechanisms, and previous studies have shown that COS prevents colitis by inhibiting NF-κB activation and preventing TNF-α and oxidative stress-induced apoptosis of IEC. 112 COS significantly improves the abundance of the beneficial gut microbiota, especially Bifidobacterium , which has the potential to be used in combination with HMOs to promote the metabolism of HMOs, and COS, as a probiotic, also plays a positive role in reducing inflammation and increasing the gut barrier.…”