“…Patients who undergo IHT from one hospital to a referral center are often medically complex and require more advanced care with qualified staff, specialized services, and sophisticated technologies [ 3 , 4 ]. In particular, non-trauma patients remain the major population of ED visits and usually have heterogeneous types of diseases [ 5 , 6 ]. Non-trauma patients who present to the ED from IHT and non-IHT exhibit different properties [ 7 , 8 ].…”