Emergence of two novel sublineages Ind2001BD1 and Ind2001BD2 of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O in Bangladesh

Abstract

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in Bangladesh, and the implementation of a control programme for this disease is at an early stage, according to the FAO- and OIE-proposed Progressive Control Pathway for FMD (PCP-FMD) Roadmap. To develop an effective control programme, understanding of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotypes, even subtypes within the serotypes is essential. The present investigation aims at viral VP1 coding region sequence-based analysis of FMD samples collected from 34 FMD outbreaks during 2012-2016 in Bangladesh. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype O was responsible for 82% of the outbreaks in Bangladesh, showing its dominance over serotype A and Asia1. The VP1 phylogeny revealed the emergence of two novel sublineages of serotype O, named as Ind2001BD1 and Ind2001BD2, within the Ind2001 lineage along with the circulation of Ind2001d sublineage in Bangladesh, which was further supported by the multidimensional scaling with distinct clusters for each sublineage. The novel sublineages had evident genetic variability with other established sublineages within Ind2001 lineage. Ten mutations with three or more amino acid variations were detected within B-C loop, G-H loop and C-terminal region of the VP1 protein of FMDV serotype O viruses isolated exclusively from Bangladesh. Furthermore, two amino acid substitutions at positions 197 and 198 within the VP1 C-terminal region are unique to the novel sublineages. The existence of widespread genetic variations among circulatory FMDV serotype O viruses makes the FMD control programme complex in Bangladesh. Adequate epidemiological data, disease reporting, animal movement control, appropriate vaccination and above all stringent policies of the government are necessary to combat FMD in Bangladesh.

Emergence of Novel Lineage of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype Asia1 BD-18 (G-IX) in Bangladesh

“…Foot-and-Mouth Disease is an endemic animal disease of transboundary importance in Bangladesh ( 1, 2 ). This economically devastating, contagious disease is caused by FMD virus (FMDV; Picornaviridae family, Aphthovirus genus) which exists as seven serotypes (O, A, C, Asia1, SAT 1-3), each divided into topotypes, lineages, sublineages and strains ( 3 ).…”

“…This economically devastating, contagious disease is caused by FMD virus (FMDV; Picornaviridae family, Aphthovirus genus) which exists as seven serotypes (O, A, C, Asia1, SAT 1-3), each divided into topotypes, lineages, sublineages and strains ( 3 ). Among them, three serotypes (O, A and Asia1) have been circulating in Asia and serotype Asia1 is the least prevalent ( 1, 3, 4 ).…”

Emergence of novel lineage of foot‐and‐mouth disease virus serotype Asia1 BD‐18 (G‐IX) in Bangladesh

“…Foot‐and‐mouth disease (FMD) is an endemic animal disease of transboundary importance in Bangladesh (Nandi, Rahman, Momtaz, Sultana, & Hossain, ; Siddique et al, ). This economically devastating, contagious disease is caused by FMD virus (FMDV; Picornaviridae family, Aphthovirus genus), which exists as seven serotypes (O, A, C, Asia1, SAT 1–3), each divided into topotypes, lineages, sublineages and strains (Alam, Ali, & Hossain, ; Brito, Rodriguez, Hammond, Pinto, & Perez, ).…”

“…This economically devastating, contagious disease is caused by FMD virus (FMDV; Picornaviridae family, Aphthovirus genus), which exists as seven serotypes (O, A, C, Asia1, SAT 1–3), each divided into topotypes, lineages, sublineages and strains (Alam, Ali, & Hossain, ; Brito, Rodriguez, Hammond, Pinto, & Perez, ). Among the serotypes, three types (O, A and Asia1) have been circulating in Asian belt, and serotype Asia1 is the least prevalent (Brito et al, ; Siddique et al, ; Valarcher et al, ).…”

“…Similarly, there could be immune pressure due to trivalent vaccination programme using genetically divergent vaccine strain (IND63/72) of serotype Asia1 compared to this novel strain, or inappropriately selected local candidate, which might ultimately favour the generation of this new strain of lineage G-IX(Ullah et al, 2015). Moreover,Siddique et al (2018) reported a novel sublineage of serotype O from Bangladesh, and then subsequent works by other contemporary groups detected the same strains across 14 countries, even outside Indian subcontinent zone, from where the strains were reported earlier stage of outbreak and spread(Alam et al, 2019;…”