Emergence of the pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza A virus in swine herds in Poland

Markowska-Daniel, Iwona; Urbaniak, Kinga; Porowski, M.; Karbowiak, Paweł; Kowalczyk, Andrzej; Kozak, Edyta; Pejsak, Z.

doi:10.2478/bvip-2013-0051

Cited by 11 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…In sows and gilts, it reached 32.2% and 46.7%, respectively. These results confirm the epidemiological status of Polish herds evidenced in the previous study (10). However, during the first 6 months of 2012, it was lower, which might result from a significant increase in the seroprevalence of two other subtypes.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

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Serological Evidence of Co-Circulation of Different Subtypes of Swine Influenza Virus in Polish Pig Herds

Markowska-Daniel

Kwit

Urbaniak

et al. 2012

Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy

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The aim of the study was to estimate the current epidemiological situation concerning swine influenza (SI) in Poland. The study was based on an annual passive survey of 11,770 fatteners' sera from 584 herds, taken at slaughterhouses within the last 30 months (from January 2010 till June 2012), as well as, an active monitoring conducted in 2011 and 2012, in 25 farms, using 388 sera taken from life pigs of different age/technological groups. The analysis of simultaneous circulation of different swine influenza virus (SIV) subtypes was taken into a deep consideration. The wide spread of SIV in Poland, including the occurrence of multiple SIV infections was demonstrated. In 2010 and 2011, the domination of H1N1 subtype and the most frequently co-circulation of H1N1 and H1N2 viruses was evidenced, while in the first 6 months of 2012, the co-circulation of H1N1 and H3N2 viruses was detected more often. Based on the obtained results, it can be stated that the epidemiological situation concerning SI in Poland is dynamic and similar to that observed in other European regions with high pigs' density; however, the prevalence of antibodies and the occurrence of mixed SIV infections is lower than in Western Europe.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Sera were collected from basic herd (sows and gilts), as well as, from 4,6,8,10,12,16, and 20 weeks old pigs, raised in 25 farms located mostly in the North-East Poland. In total, 388 samples were analysed.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serological Evidence of Co-Circulation of Different Subtypes of Swine Influenza Virus in Polish Pig Herds

Markowska-Daniel

Kwit

Urbaniak

et al. 2012

Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy

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“…The phylogenetic analysis of the HA and NA genes shows that these Polish H1N1pdm09 viruses can be segregated into one lineage, including the pandemic strain A/California/04/2009 and other human strains circulated since 2009 in Europe, Asia and North America. Polish isolate A/swine/Poland/15620/12 has the highest homology (99%) with human strain A/Warsaw/ INS20/2011, whereas A/swine/Poland/03195/2012 is more similar to earlier isolates with the highest nucleotide relation to A/Singapore/KK24/2010 (98.8%), and to the majority of human viruses isolated in Asia in (Markowska-Daniel et al, 2013a. Additionally, based on the results of serological examination, the co-circulation of SIV of different subtypes in Polish pig herds was evidenced (Markowska-Daniel et al, 2012b).…”

Section: Swine Iavmentioning

confidence: 96%

Influenza A viruses of avian origin circulating in pigs and other mammals.

2014

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Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are zoonotic agents, capable of crossing the species barriers. Nowadays, they still constitute a great challenge worldwide. The natural reservoir of all influenza A viruses are wild aquatic birds, despite the fact they have been isolated from a number of avian and mammalian species, including humans. Even when influenza A viruses are able to get into another than waterfowl population, they are often unable to efficiently adapt and transmit between individuals. Only in rare cases, these viruses are capable of establishing a new lineage. To succeed a complete adaptation and further transmission between species, influenza A virus must overcome a species barrier, including adaptation to the receptors of a new host, which would allow the virus-cell binding, virus replication and, then, animal-toanimal transmission. For many years, pigs were thought to be intermediate host for adaptation of avian influenza viruses to humans, because of their susceptibility to infection with both, avian and human influenza viruses, which supported hypothesis of pigs as a "mixing vessel". In this review, the molecular factors necessary for interspecies transmission are described, with special emphasis on adaptation of avian influenza viruses to the pig population. In addition, this review gives the information about swine influenza viruses circulating around the world with special emphasis on Polish strains.

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“…Z puli przebadanych próbek jedynie 6 surowic (2,8%) reagowało w teście HI, w niskim mianie (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20), ze szczepami ludzkimi ICV.…”

Section: Zakażenia Ludzi Idvunclassified

Prevalence of infections with a new type of influenza virus – influenza D virus in humans and animals

Markowska-Daniel¹,

Mickiewicz²,

Witkowski³

et al. 2016

Medycyna Weterynaryjna

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In April 2011, in the USA, a new influenza virus type D (IDV) was isolated for the first time from pigs and then from cows. In the paper the data about the prevalence of this virus in humans and animals are described. It was evidenced that HE protein of IDV could bind to cellular receptors in the epithelium of the human trachea. Moreover, the new virus was shown to infect and spread in ferrets. These findings make it possible to conclude that IDV seems to be able to infect humans and have zoonotic potential. Up to now the percent of human seroconverted to IDV has been low, about 1.3%. The susceptibility of pigs to IDV has been shown in natural and experimental conditions. Virus specific antibodies were detected in 9.5% of pigs. Additionally the isolates from pigs were obtained in the USA and Italy. This suggests that pigs are not the natural reservoir of this virus and the infections are uncommon in pig populations. Several studies demonstrated that the new virus is widely spread in cattle. It was isolated in the USA, Canada, China, France and Italy, which proved that the intercontinental transmission of IDV had occurred. The highest percentage of infected cows, mainly animals manifesting BRDC symptoms, was found in Minnesota, Oklahoma and Mississippi, and it varied from 4.8 to 29.1%. Additionally the virus was detected in 2.4% of healthy animals. Seroconversion was demonstrated in 32.7 to 87.5% of the bovine herds tested in Mississippi and Minnesota, respectively. Retrospective analysis revealed that antibodies specific to IDV had been detected in bovine samples since 2004. This suggests that the new virus has circulated in cattle at least since 2004. The analysis of the relationship between the seroconversion and the age of animals showed that over 50% of cows aged 1–14 years were seropositive. Also more than 90% of newborn calves had maternal antibodies to IDV. The spread of IDV was also linked to the type of farm, with the lowest percentage of animals seroconverting in closed herds and the highest in order-buying facilities. Therefore cattle seem to be the natural host of IDV. In the USA and Canada the infections caused by IDV were also found in sheep and goats. Herd-level and individual-level seroprevalence in sheep was 15.3 and 6.1%, respectively, and these figures were even higher in goats: 20% and 25.9%, respectively. This shows that small ruminants are susceptible to IDV infection. Moreover, retrospective analysis confirmed that one serum from a goat taken in Massachusetts in 2002 was positive to IDV. This suggests that the new virus may have circulated among goats as early as in 2002. Serological studies of chicken and turkey sera from the herds in Minnesota, located near the positive bovine herds, yielded negative results. This might suggest that birds are resistant to IDV infection; however, the number of birds tested is insufficient to substantiate such a statement. The studies aimed at evaluation of zoonotic potential of the new virus proved that it replicated efficiently in the upper respiratory tract of ferrets. This suggests that the new virus may have an influence on public health. In experimental conditions the susceptibility of guinea pigs to IDV infection was also evidenced. In conclusion, all the studies demonstrated that cattle were the natural reservoir of the new virus, despite the fact that humans as well as various animal species could also be infected. Furthermore, cattle are likely to be a potential source of infection for both animals and humans.

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Emergence of the pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza A virus in swine herds in Poland

Cited by 11 publications

References 36 publications

Serological Evidence of Co-Circulation of Different Subtypes of Swine Influenza Virus in Polish Pig Herds

Serological Evidence of Co-Circulation of Different Subtypes of Swine Influenza Virus in Polish Pig Herds

Influenza A viruses of avian origin circulating in pigs and other mammals.

Prevalence of infections with a new type of influenza virus – influenza D virus in humans and animals

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