Emergence of plasmid-mediated multidrug resistance in epidemic and non-epidemic strains of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi from Jordan

Alsanouri, Tarek; Paglietti, Bianca; Haddadin, Aktham; Murgia, Manuela; Bacciu, Donatella; Youssef, Mahammad; Rubino, Salvatore

doi:10.3855/jidc.225

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…S. Typhi exists as a Gram-negative encapsulated, flagellated, facultative anaerobic bacilli. It possesses three major antigens: H or flagellar antigen, O or somatic antigen, and Vi antigen [ 15 ].…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enteric Fever: Diagnostic Challenges and the Importance of Early Intervention

Saha¹,

Arisoyin²,

Bollu³

et al. 2023

Cureus

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Enteric fever is a systemic infection caused by highly virulent Salmonella enterica serovars: Typhi and Paratyphi. Diagnosis of enteric fever is challenging due to a wide variety of clinical features which overlap with other febrile illnesses. The current diagnostic methods are limited because of the suboptimal sensitivity of conventional tests like blood culture in detecting organisms and the invasive nature of bone marrow culture. It emphasizes the need to develop improved and more reliable diagnostic modalities. The rising rates of multidrug-resistant Salmonella strains call for an accurate understanding of the current management of the disease. Proper public health measures and large-scale immunization programs will help reduce the burden of the disease. A comprehensive surveillance system can help detect the chronic carrier state and is crucial in understanding antibiotic susceptibility patterns. We conducted an all-language literature search on Medline, Cochrane, Embase, and Google Scholar till May 2022. The following search words and medical subject headings (MeSH) were used: "enteric fever," " Salmonella Typhi," "multidrug-resistant Salmonella ," chronic carrier state," " Salmonella detection, "and "typhoid vaccine." We reviewed the literature on clinical features, pathophysiology, new diagnostic tests, and interventions to prevent the disease. This article explores enteric fever and its various clinical features and addresses the emerging threat of multidrug resistance. It focuses on novel methods for diagnosis and prevention strategies, including vaccines and the use of surveillance systems employed across different parts of the world.

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Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enteric Fever: Diagnostic Challenges and the Importance of Early Intervention

Saha¹,

Arisoyin²,

Bollu³

et al. 2023

Cureus

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“…The standardised protocol for H58 detection and subtyping was applied to screen 99 S. Typhi strains of unknown haplotype, isolated as part of three independent investigations from blood cultures of hospitalized patients suffering typhoid fever in Jordan ( Al-Sanouri et al 2008), India and Pakistan (unpublished results). Previous characterization of these strains showed that 74 of them (75%) were MDR (resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole), of which 39 were additionally resistant to nalidixic acid (Table 3).…”

Section: S Typhi Isolates Tested In This Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel broadly applicable PCR-RFLP method for rapid identification and subtyping of H58 Salmonella Typhi

Murgia

Rubino

Wain

et al. 2016

Journal of Microbiological Methods

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Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi), the human-adapted agent of typhoid fever, is genetically monomorphic. SNPs accumulation divided the S. Typhi population in 85 haplotypes (H) of which one, H58, has undergone a clonal expansion. The surveillance of H58 S. Typhi is particularly important, especially in areas where typhoid fever is endemic. We developed a simple PCR and PCR-RFLP method to detect and subtype H58 S. Typhi based on the presence of genomic deletion and specific SNPs. The method was validated against 39 S. Typhi isolates of known haplotype, showing 100% of specificity and high sensitivity, and then used to screen a collection of 99 S. Typhi from Asia, demonstrating a high incidence of H58 S. Typhi in Jordan and India. Our method is designed to be applied in all laboratories with basic molecular biology equipment and few financial resources and allows the surveillance of H58 S. Typhi in resource poor settings.

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Factors Contributing to the Emergence and Spread of Antibiotics Resistance in Salmonella Species

Akinyemi¹,

Ajoseh²

2017

Current Topics in Salmonella and Salmonellosis

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Salmonella, a genus of the family Enterobacteriaceae with over 2450 species, has been responsible for diseases ranging from non-typhoidal salmonellosis to typhoidal salmonellosis. Several groups of antibiotics such as β-lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, quinolones, cephalosporins and sulfonamides are used against Salmonella species. Many Salmonella species had developed resistance to several antibiotics over the years. Two major groups of mechanism of resistance demonstrated by this pathogen are (1) Biochemical Mechanisms; such as enzymatic inactivation, prevention of access to the target site by antibiotics and active efflux pumps. (2) Genetic mechanisms; such as mutation, horizontal gene transfer and vertical gene transfer. Some factors identified to contribute to the emergence and dissemination of antibiotic resistant-Salmonella include; miss-used of antibiotics, used of antibiotics in agriculture, unregulated sales of antibiotics, inappropriate prescription and dispensing practices, and poor hygiene practices (external or behavioural factors), the presence of mobile genetic elements in the organisms; plasmid DNA, transposons, integrons etc. The clinical and public health consequences, and the strategies to stem the growing tides associated with drugs resistance in Salmonella species are herein discussed. A more radical approach and commitment from the policy makers in health sector to solving problems emanating from increasing spread of resistant Salmonella is advocated.

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Emergence of plasmid-mediated multidrug resistance in epidemic and non-epidemic strains of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi from Jordan

Cited by 3 publications

References 33 publications

Enteric Fever: Diagnostic Challenges and the Importance of Early Intervention

Enteric Fever: Diagnostic Challenges and the Importance of Early Intervention

A novel broadly applicable PCR-RFLP method for rapid identification and subtyping of H58 Salmonella Typhi

Factors Contributing to the Emergence and Spread of Antibiotics Resistance in Salmonella Species

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