Emergence of novel recombination lineage 3 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses in Southern China

Sun, Yankuo; Li, Qi; Yu, Zhiqing; Han, Xuelei; Wei, Yingfang; Ji, Chihai; Lu, Gang; C, Ma; Zhang, Guihong; Wang, Heng

doi:10.1111/tbed.13067

Cited by 17 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Currently, five lineages (lineages 1, 3, 5, 8 and 9) represent the prevalent type 2 PRRSV strains in China (Gao et al, ; Guo et al, ). With lineage 3 PRRSV spreading in southern China (Gao et al, ; Sun et al, ), we further divided lineage 3 into five sublineages according to the locations of PRRSV isolation and the shape on the phylogenetic tree (Figure ). Lineage 3 PRRSVs isolated from Taiwan were divided into sublineages 3.1–3.3 (Figure ) corresponding to clusters VI, V and VII, respectively (Wang et al, ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Subsequently, lineage 3 PRRSV emerged in Hong Kong (2004) and mainland China (2005). However, the reemerged lineage 3 PRRSV strains in southern China display increased genetic diversity (Brar et al, ; Dong et al, ; Gao et al, ; Liu et al, ; Lu et al, ; Shi et al, ; Sun et al, ; Zhou et al, ). In this study, SD110‐1608 and SDWH27‐1710 were classified into sublineage 3.5 and maintained a close relationship with representative strains QYYZ and GDsg, respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Two novel recombinant porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses belong to sublineage 3.5 originating from sublineage 3.2

Zhang

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an agent of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), which causes substantial economic losses to the swine industry. PRRSV displays rapid variation, and five lineages coexist in mainland China. Lineage 3 PRRSVs emerged in mainland China in 2005 and prevailed in southern China after 2010. In the present study, two lineage 3 PRRSV strains, which are named SD110‐1608 and SDWH27‐1710, were isolated from northern China in 2017. To explore the characteristics and origins of the two strains, we divided lineage 3 into five sublineages (3.1–3.5) based on 146 open reading frame (ORF) 5 sequences. Both strains and the strains isolated from mainland China were classified into sublineage 3.5. Lineage 3 PRRSVs isolated from Taiwan and Hong Kong were classified into sublineages 3.1–3.3 and sublineage 3.4, respectively. Recombination analysis revealed that SD110‐1608 and SDWH27‐1710 were derived from recombination of QYYZ (major parent strain) and JXA1 (minor parent strain). Sequence alignment showed that SD110‐1608 and SDWH27‐1710 shared a 36‐aa insertion in Nsp2 with QYYZ isolated from Guangdong Province in 2010. Based on the evolutionary relationship among GP2a, GP3, GP4, GP5 and N proteins between sublineages 3.2 (FJ‐1) and 3.5 (FJFS), we speculated that sublineage 3.5 (mainland China) originated from sublineage 3.2 (Taiwan, China). This study provides important information regarding the classification and transmission of lineage 3 PRRSVs.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two novel recombinant porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses belong to sublineage 3.5 originating from sublineage 3.2

Zhang

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

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“…In recent decades, the emergence of a novel PRRSV strain and worldwide transmission attracted increasing attention [7,8,9,10,11]. Current major preventive strategies focus on the vaccine application.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ginsenoside Rg1 Suppresses Type 2 PRRSV Infection via NF-κB Signaling Pathway In Vitro, and Provides Partial Protection against HP-PRRSV in Piglet

et al. 2019

Viruses

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Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a huge threat to the modern pig industry, and current vaccine prevention strategies could not provide full protection against it. Therefore, exploring new anti-PRRSV strategies is urgently needed. Ginsenoside Rg1, derived from ginseng and notoginseng, is shown to exert anti-inflammatory, neuronal apoptosis-suppressing and anti-oxidant effects. Here we demonstrate Rg1-inhibited PRRSV infection both in Marc-145 cells and porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) in a dose-dependent manner. Rg1 treatment affected multiple steps of the PRRSV lifecycle, including virus attachment, replication and release at concentrations of 10 or 50 µM. Meanwhile, Rg1 exhibited broad inhibitory activities against Type 2 PRRSV, including highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) XH-GD and JXA1, NADC-30-like strain HNLY and classical strain VR2332. Mechanistically, Rg1 reduced mRNA levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-8, IL-6 and TNF-α, and decreased NF-κB signaling activation triggered by PRRSV infection. Furthermore, 4-week old piglets intramuscularly treated with Rg1 after being challenged with the HP-PRRSV JXA1 strain display moderate lung injury, decreased viral load in serum and tissues, and an improved survival rate. Collectively, our study provides research basis and supportive clinical data for using Ginsenoside Rg1 in PRRSV therapies in swine.

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“…Recent evidence states that novel lineage 3 viruses with increased virulence emerged in south China (Dong et al, ; Zhang et al, ). We previously reported the prevalence of lineage 3 viruses to be 35.68% (95% CI: 27.6%–44.3%) in south China, similar to that of the Chinese high‐pathogenic PRRSV (HP‐PRRSV; lineage 8.7) of 54.19% (95% CI: 47.5%–60.8%) (Sun et al, ). Although the threat from lineage 3 viruses has increased, complete knowledge about this lineage is still limited.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 55%

“…Moreover, lineage 3 viruses were commonly observed in vaccinated herds and resulted in high economic losses. A cross‐sectional prevalence investigation in southern China that was performed by our group during 2016–2017 showed that the prevalence of lineage 3 was just after that of the Chinese HP‐PRRSV (lineage 8.7, JXA1‐like; Sun et al, ). The effective protection provided by the currently available vaccine against lineage 3 PRRSV strains has not been studied yet, which needs further investigation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Phylogeography, phylodynamics and the recent outbreak of lineage 3 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses in China

Sun

Han

Wei

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Novel highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses (PRRSVs) have attracted increasing attention owing to their continual high emergence and recent re‐emergence. Recently, lineage 3 PRRSVs, belonging to the type 2 viruses, with novel characteristics and increased virulence have been continuously re‐emerging in China, thereby posing a great threat to pig farming. However, available information about lineage 3 is limited. Here, we carried out molecular epidemiological investigations for PRRSV surveillance in most regions of China from 2007 to 2017. More than 3,000 samples were obtained, amounting to 73 sequences of lineage 3 viruses. The origin, demographic history and spread pattern of lineage 3 PRRSVs were investigated combining with the database globally. Phylogeography and phylodynamic analyses within a Bayesian statistical framework revealed that lineage 3 viruses originated in Taiwan. Followed by subsequent propagation to different areas and geography, it dichotomized into two endemic clusters. South China has become an epicentre for these viruses, which diffused into China's interiors in recent years. Furthermore, viral dispersal route analysis revealed the risk of viral diffusion. Overall, the origin, epidemic history and geographical evolution of lineage 3 PRRSVs were comprehensively analysed in this study. In particular, the epicentre of southern China and the diffusion routines of the viruses are highlighted in this study, and the possible continuous transmission of the novel lineages poses the biggest threat to pig farmers.

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Emergence of novel recombination lineage 3 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses in Southern China

Cited by 17 publications

References 32 publications

Two novel recombinant porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses belong to sublineage 3.5 originating from sublineage 3.2

Two novel recombinant porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses belong to sublineage 3.5 originating from sublineage 3.2

Ginsenoside Rg1 Suppresses Type 2 PRRSV Infection via NF-κB Signaling Pathway In Vitro, and Provides Partial Protection against HP-PRRSV in Piglet

Phylogeography, phylodynamics and the recent outbreak of lineage 3 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses in China

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