Emergence of monkeypox: a worldwide public health crisis

Abstract

The human monkeypox virus (MPV), a zoonotic illness that was hitherto solely prevalent in Central and West Africa, has lately been discovered to infect people all over the world and has become a major threat to global health. Humans unintentionally contract this zoonotic orthopoxvirus, which resembles smallpox, when they come into contact with infected animals. Studies show that the illness can also be transferred through frequent proximity, respiratory droplets, and household linens such as towels and bedding. However, MPV infection does not presently have a specified therapy. Smallpox vaccinations provide cross-protection against MPV because of antigenic similarities. Despite scant knowledge of the genesis, epidemiology, and ecology of the illness, the incidence and geographic distribution of monkeypox outbreaks have grown recently. Polymerase chain reaction technique on lesion specimens can be used to detect MPV. Vaccines like ACAM2000, vaccinia immune globulin intravenous (VIG-IV), and JYNNEOS (brand name: Imvamune or Imvanex) as well as FDA-approved antiviral medications such as brincidofovir (brand name: Tembexa), tecovirimat (brand name: TPOXX or ST-246), and cidofovir (brand name: Vistide) are used as therapeutic medications against MPV. In this overview, we provide an outline of the MPV’s morphology, evolution, mechanism, transmission, diagnosis, preventative measures, and therapeutic approaches. This study offers the fundamental information required to prevent and manage any further spread of this emerging virus.

Global Re-emergence of Monkeypox: A Synoptic Review

“…The mpox virus was first discovered in the Statens Serum Institut (Copenhagen, Denmark) in the late 1950s when two outbreaks of an unknown vesicular disease among captive monkeys occurred, hence the name mpox. 16 Nevertheless, the term is misleading because rodents such as squirrels and rats are largest animal reservoirs of the virus. 17 It has been observed that individuals in Sub-Saharan Africa have contracted mpox as a result of close contact with infected animals, indicating the presence of this disease for several decades.…”

Emerging evidence on Monkeypox: resurgence, global burden, molecular insights, genomics and possible management

“…Furthermore, the focus must be placed on determining the zoonotic reservoir, zoonosis, spill overs from the host, etc., of this virus. Despite a lack of association between monkeypox outbreaks and air travel, it might be more likely that the disease will spread as a result of air travel as it is a contagious disease ( Morens and Fauci, 2020 ; Wells et al., 2020 ; Bhattacharya et al., 2022 ; Bryer et al., 2022 ; Sharma R. et al., 2022 ; Begum et al., 2023 ; Varghese et al., 2023a ).…”

“…Two outbreaks of a disease that appeared like pox, led to the discovery of monkeypox in 1958 which spread across colonies of monkeys ( Mileto et al., 2022 ). Monkeypox may have been named so, due to its first-time appearance in monkeys and pox like symptoms, but its origin remains mysterious ( Begum et al., 2023 ). The virus can, however, also be carried by African rodents and nonhuman primates (such as monkeys) and infect humans ( Begum et al., 2023 ).…”

“…Monkeypox may have been named so, due to its first-time appearance in monkeys and pox like symptoms, but its origin remains mysterious ( Begum et al., 2023 ). The virus can, however, also be carried by African rodents and nonhuman primates (such as monkeys) and infect humans ( Begum et al., 2023 ). Later an instance of monkeypox in a human was first reported in 1970 ( Sejvar et al., 2004 ).…”

Heteroleptic (S^C)-cyclometallated gold(III) complexes as novel antiviral agents

“…Given that currently, no generally acceptable therapeutic options are available for treating HAdV infections, identifying effective new antiviral agents is imperative [ 2 , 3 ]. Although at present, cidofovir (CDV) is the most frequently used medication administered for the treatment of HAdV infections [ 4 ], its use tends to be limited on account of the substantial variability in its efficacy, poor bioavailability, and adverse side effects [ 5 ]. Similarly, whereas brincidofovir (BCV), a lipidic conjugate of CDV, has shown promising results in phase II and III clinical trials (NCT01231344 and NCT02087306), its use is also associated with long-term adverse effects [ 6 , 7 ].…”