“…Excepting species infecting marine mammals or swine, the exposure route for most involve the ingestion of infective third-stage larvae (L3) contained in the tissues of a gastropod intermediate host or also in some species a paratenic host. (Barcante et al 2003, Boev 1975, Bonetti et al 1998, Giannelli et al 2015, Heyneman and Lim 1967, Jenkins et al 2006, Kralka and Samuel 1984, Kutz et al 2000, Monson and Post 1972, Ubelaker et al 1980. Recently gastropod L3 shedding has also been reported for a crenosomatid (Troglostrongylus brevior) (Giannelli et al 2015).…”