Emergence of Salmonella Genomic Island 1 Variant SGI1-C in a Multidrug-Resistant Clinical Isolate of Klebsiella pneumoniae ST485 from Egypt

Abstract

<jats:p><jats:italic>Salmonella</jats:italic> genomic island 1 (SGI1) is a 42.2-kb integrative mobilizable element (IME), that was originally identified in <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica</jats:italic> serovar Typhimurium DT104 (1).…</jats:p>

Crucial Role ofSalmonellaGenomic Island 1 Master Activator in Parasitism of IncC plasmids

“…Salmonella Genomic Island 1 (SGI1) is a 42.4-kb MGI that confers resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamides and tetracycline (ACSSuT) (10). SGI1 variants, which often bear a class 1 integron with diverse sets of antibiotic resistance gene cassettes, are found integrated at the 3' end of trmE (also known as mnmE or thdF) in the chromosome of several species of Gammaproteobacteriaceae, including human pathogens such as Salmonella enterica serovars, Proteus mirabilis, Morganella morganii, Providencia stuartii or Klebsiella pneumoniae (11)(12)(13)(14)(15). SGI1 and its variants are specifically mobilised in trans by the IncC and the closely related IncA conjugative plasmids (16).…”

Characterization of Extensively Drug-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serovar Kentucky Sequence Type 198 Isolates from Chicken Meat Products in Xuancheng, China

“…To date, many SGI1-K variants in S. Kentucky ST198 have been reported globally; their diverse structures indicate that they might undergo rapid evolution within this clone, mainly due to insertions, deletions, or rearrangements of backbone segments or resistance modules mediated by IS 26 ( 9 , 10 , 14 , 15 ). SGI1 carrying multiple resistance genes has been found in chromosomes of diverse S. enterica serovars, Proteus mirabilis , Klebsiella pneumonia , Escherichia coli , and some other species ( 7 , 23 – 25 ) and could be mobilized with the help of IncA/C plasmids ( 7 ). The global spread of strains containing SGI1, such as S .…”

Salmonella Genomic Island 1 requires a self‐encoded small RNA for mobilization

“…IMEs have recently been recognized as key players in the distribution of resistance determinants to antibiotics and heavy metals, virulence factors, or even gene sets for metabolic pathways or transport systems (Bellanger et al., 2014 ). The Salmonella Genomic Island 1 (SGI1), its variants, and related elements that form a large family of IMEs are often responsible for the MDR phenotype of human pathogens like Salmonella enterica serovars, Proteus mirabilis , Morganella morganii , Acinetobacter baumannii , Providencia stuartii, Enterobacter spp., Escherichia coli , or Klebsiella pneumoniae strains (Cummins et al, 2019 , 2020 ; Schultz et al., 2017 ; Siebor et al, 2016 , 2019 ; Soliman et al, 2018 , 2020 ). SGI1‐family elements integrate at the 3′‐end of the chromosomal GTPase gene trmE (also known as thdF or mnmE ) and share a conserved backbone (Figure 1 ) including genes for integration/excision ( int and xis ), the replication module ( repA , S004, and oriV ) (Szabó et al., 2021 ), T4SS subunits ( traN S , traG S , and traH S ) (Boyd et al., 2001 ), a pair of genes encoding FlhDC‐family activators (Kiss et al., 2015 ), a mobilization module ( mpsA , mpsB , and oriT ) (Kiss et al., 2019 ), a TA system (Huguet et al., 2016 ), genes for a helicase, a nuclease, and a resolvase ( res ) and several ORFs with unknown functions (S008–S010, S013–S018, S021–S022, and S044) (Boyd et al., 2001 ).…”