“…Although, specialized behaviors of individual soccer agents was either specified a priori or was derived in simplistic game scenarios (Matsubara, Noda, & Hiraki, 1996), (Stone & Veloso, 2002), (Stone & Veloso, 1998a), (Stone & Veloso, 1998b), (Whiteson et al, 2003), 32 (Hsu & Gustafson, 2001), (Hsu & Gustafson, 2002), (Luke et al, 1998). Each of these research examples has been critiqued elsewhere (Nitschke, 2005), from the perspective of emergent cooperative behavior. Each is an example of the essential role of behavioral specialization, emergent or otherwise, for facilitating effective collective game playing behaviors.…”