Emergence of armA and rmtB genes among VIM, NDM, and IMP metallo-β-lactamase-producing multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens

Abstract

In the recent years, it has been noted that microorganisms with acquired resistance to almost all available potent antibiotics are increasing worldwide. Hence, the use of antibiotics in every clinical setup has to be organized to avoid irrational use of antibiotics. This study was aimed to establish the pattern of antibiotic sensitivity and relevance of antimicrobial resistance in aerobic Gram-negative bacilli. A total of 103 aerobic Gram-negative bacteria namely Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter spp., Citrobacter koserii, Proteus spp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were collected from tertiary care centers around Chennai. Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion test and study for genes of cephalosporin, carbapenem, and aminoglycoside resistance were done. A descriptive analysis of the data on altogether 103 clinical urine isolates was performed. All strains showed susceptibility to colistin. The frequency of genes encoding 16S rRNA methylases armA and rmtB were 7.8% and 6.8%, respectively. Among metallo-β-lactamases, bla, bla, and bla were detected in 6.8%, 3.8%, and 3.8%, respectively. One E. coli strain harbored bla gene. Cumulative analysis of data suggested that 30% of the strains carried more than one resistance gene. The current research evidenced the increasing frequency of resistance mechanisms in India. Combined approach of antibiotic restriction, effective surveillance, and good infection control practices are essential to overcome antibiotic resistance.

Co-occurrence of Carbapenemase-encoding Genes Among Klebsiella pneumoniae Clinical Isolates: Positive Relationship of bla NDM and bla SIM with Imipenem Resistance

“…In the present study, 11 carbapenemase genes from the three classes of A, B, and D beta-lactamase were detected by the PCR method, and the bla IMP gene was found to be more prevalent (87%). A review of other studies showed that the bla IMP gene had a higher frequency (29)(30)(31), which was in line with the results of this study. It should be noted that all carbapenemnon-susceptible K. penomoniae carried at least one of the carbapenemase genes.…”

Expansion of acquired 16S rRNA methytransferases along with CTX-M-15, NDM and OXA-48 within three sequence types of Escherichia coli from northeast India

“…Since then, it is reported from different part of the world. In India six variants are reported till date [2][3][4].…”

“…16S rRNA methylation is one of the major mechanisms of aminoglycoside resistance [1]. In India there are multiple reports of 16S rRNAmethyltrasferase genes (armA,rmtA, rmtB, rmtC, rmtD and rmtF) as published in various studies [2][3][4]. These enzymes are responsible for alteration of A site of 16S rRNA and reported across the globe [5][6][7][8][9][10].…”

<p>The first report of a novel IncHI1B <em>bla</em>_SIM-1-carrying megaplasmid pSIM-1-BJ01 from a clinical <em>Klebsiella pneumoniae</em> isolate</p>

“…Two different multidrug-resistant regions both carrying the class 1 integrons with different resistance genes have been assembled into the pSIM-1-BJ01 under the continuous selection exerted by human antibiotic use, made the novel pSIM-1-BJ01 become a significant environmental contaminant 21. Now there was one case report about the bla SIM-1 carrying E.coli from India 22. Except for the pSIM-1-BJ01, the pKP13624-2 carrying bla CTX-M-14 and bla LAP-2 has never been reported before.…”