Emergence of antibiotic resistant Shigella species: A matter of concern

Abstract

A major threat to the world is the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria, which has rendered previously susceptible drugs useless and increased the rate of therapeutic failures. Shigella species, which are the causative organism of Shigellosis, were earlier susceptible to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, co-trimoxazole and nalidixic acid but now they have developed resistance against fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins and azithromycin. Many shigellosis outbreaks have been reported by resistant strains of Shigella species. This review attempts to provide a brief overview about the scenario of shigellosis and the emergence as well as ubiquitous nature of multidrug resistant (MDR) Shigella species.

A New Phage Cocktail Against Multidrug, ESBL-Producer Isolates of Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri with Highly Efficient Bacteriolytic Activity

“…1 The global estimation is that at least 80 million bloody diarrhea cases occur annually with about 700,000 mortalities. 2 Investigations show that about 70% of all the cases and 60% of the mortalities happen in children under the age of 5 years. 2 Due to two serious risk factors, the easy fecal/oral transmission of Shigella (direct contact with the infected individuals or consuming contaminated foods and water) and the low infectious dose (<200 bacteria), several outbreaks have been reported all over the world.…”

“…2 Investigations show that about 70% of all the cases and 60% of the mortalities happen in children under the age of 5 years. 2 Due to two serious risk factors, the easy fecal/oral transmission of Shigella (direct contact with the infected individuals or consuming contaminated foods and water) and the low infectious dose (<200 bacteria), several outbreaks have been reported all over the world. 2,3 The rapid spreading of antibiotic-resistant phenotypes among microorganisms is a global critical health issue as a consequence of abuse, inappropriate, and extensive use of antimicrobial agents against bacteria.…”

“…2 Due to two serious risk factors, the easy fecal/oral transmission of Shigella (direct contact with the infected individuals or consuming contaminated foods and water) and the low infectious dose (<200 bacteria), several outbreaks have been reported all over the world. 2,3 The rapid spreading of antibiotic-resistant phenotypes among microorganisms is a global critical health issue as a consequence of abuse, inappropriate, and extensive use of antimicrobial agents against bacteria. 4 In 2013, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention announced that human being stands in the postantibiotic era, 5 however, just a few periods and decrease the chance of successful treatment.…”

In-vitro pathogen inhibition: Comparing the inhibitory effects of a complex multistrain synbiotic with simple probiotics containing the yeast Saccharomyces boulardii or Lactobacillus rhamnosus bacteria

“…Most patients recover from Shigellosis without treatment within 5-7 days. Various antimicrobial agents are effective in the treatment of severe cases of Shigellosis , however a globally emerging drug-resistance is observed [46]. Beneficial effects during Shigella infections have been described for S. boulardii [32,37,47,48], bacterial single-strain probiotics [7,40,49] and multistrain probiotics [7].…”

Biodiversity of new lytic bacteriophages infecting Shigella spp. in fresh water environment

“…Shigella is a gram-negative bacterial genus including four species: S. boydii, S. dysenteriae, S. exneri and S. sonnei [4], all causing shigellosis with hundreds of millions of food/water born infections annually [5]. Although shigellosis can be usually treated with antibiotics, propagation of antibiotic-resistant strains has created many serious health problems in recent years [6], for example over the past few decades several shigellosis outbreaks have been reported into the geographical regions [7][8][9][10].…”